Kullanıcı:Ayvaznl/deneme tahtası
Ottoman invasion of Caucasus
değiştirFrom 1914s in to the 1918s did the Ottoman empire(Islamic Army of the Caucasus) invaded Caucasus. The Ottomans fought against the: Russian empire (1914-1917), Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (2 March 1917-28 May 1918) Armenia, United Kingdom, Centrocaspian Dictatorshi (1918) and the Russian SFSR (1917).
Ottoman retake of the territories that was invaded by the Russian empire
değiştirIn the face of this dire situation, Mustafa Kemal, now a brigadier general, displayed tactical brilliance. With swift and decisive action, he successfully halted the Russian advance. In August 1916, Kemal launched a surprise attack, leading his forces to recapture Muş.
Taking advantage of this shift in German policy, the reorganized Ottoman Third Army, which incorporated divisions from the disbanded Second Army, undertook an offensive to capture Trabzon. Vehip Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman Third Army, led this operation.
Capture of Erzurum:
The city was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.
Capture of Bitlis:
The Ottoman troops of Ahmed Izzet Pasha were composed of veterans from the Gallipoli campaign. They were to outflank the Russians in Bitlis before the end of March, but communications were terrible, and troops had to march from Ankara for a month. The Turkish Second Army's (belated) offensive began on 2 August 1916 and successfully took back Bitlis (and Muş)
Capture of Ezincan:
The capture was carried out by Karabekir and his Turkish troops. Facing the defense of Colonel Morel, a Russian officer, the city witnessed a state of indescribable panic during its evacuation in the dead of night. Overcoming the obstacles posed by fleeing Armenian soldiers and civilians, who succumbed to fear, the Turkish forces pursued them along the Erzurum road, enduring severe snowstorms and repeated attacks from Kurdish tribes.
Azerbaijan
değiştirOn 4 June 1918, Azerbaijan and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, clause 4 of which held that the Ottoman Empire would provide military assistance to Azerbaijan if such assistance was required for maintaining peace and security in the country.
The third branch of the Red Army also moved from the north of Baku. Moving along the Baku–Ganja highway to the north-west, they entered Maraza and Shamakhi. The Bolshevik-led Armenian forces attacked the village of Bijo, resulting in a battle between the village population and 400 Armenian troops. The battle ended in a decisive Azerbaijani victory.
On the morning of 16 June, the 11th Army's 3rd division forces attacked the Azerbaijani, Dagestani and Georgian militants in the region. At the end of the battle, which lasted over seven hours, the coalition forces were forced to retreat to Goychay.
All of the soldiers of the 5th Caucasian Infantry Division of the Caucasus Army Group had not yet reached Ganja. The 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment crossed the Vanadzor-Dilijan road and entered Aghstafa. They reached Goychay on 15 June. Nazım Bey and his soldiers were sent to the Myusyuslyu and Kyurdamir fronts. The 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment, led by Topal Osman, was sent to the Garamaryam front. After some days of fighting, the Ottoman forces defeated the Armenian troops, resulting in them retreating to the village.
During the preparations, Bolshevik spies passed along crucial information to the Red Army. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on 27 June with three battalions. Some of them moved to the north and struck the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment from behind. From the south, they conducted minor skirmishes to lower Ottoman morale. Meanwhile, the 25th Infantry Battalion and 2nd Cavalry Regiment, that had been requested a few days earlier, arrived and immediately became part of the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment. Fierce fighting resulted in the Ottoman forces successfully defending against the Bolshevik assaul
Due to extremely hot weather, neither side could initiate a full assault. Ottoman water supplies were coming from Goychay. Because of supply issues, both sides were fighting with bayonets. At the end of the day Ottoman–Azerbaijani forces fully controlled western parts of the Garamaryam and partially controlled the northeastern part. Western parts of Garamaryam were flat. The Bolsheviks' retreat routes were drastically reduced because of the high hills of Aghsu to the east. The Bolshevik forces decided to flee Garamaryam as quickly as possible.
On 30 June, the Red Army launched an unsuccessful surprise attack on the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment. During the battle for Garamaryam, the Azerbaijani volunteer cavalry forces were led by Habib Bey Salimov.
The 25th Infantry Battalion and some militia from the Garamaryam front had reached Goychay. Nuru Pasha, seeing that Goychay was on the verge of occupation and there was a threat of encirclement, sent some of the forces serving in Garamaryam and Aghdash to aid those defending in Goychay. The 9th Caucasian Regiment, were stationed in Poylu under the command of Cemil Cahit Toydemir, and militia from Shaki and Zagatala, led by Yusif bey Tahirov, were ordered to move to Goychay. Receiving artillery and fire support, the 25th Infantry Battalion and local militia successfully encircled the Bolshevik forces. The Bolsheviks suffered mass casualties. The rest of the now defeated Bolshevik forces fled to Garamaryam, although they were attacked by the 13th Caucasian Infantry. Afterwards, these Bolshevik forces were attacked by 5th Caucasian Infantry Division, which resulted in them suffering more casualties. Stationed in Garamaryam, the Bolshevik forces were attacked yet again. This forced them to flee east to Baku.
The 10th and 13th infantry regiments of the Caucasian Islamic Army, Azerbaijani cavalry units subordinated to the 10th regiment took part in the battle. On July 6, the 13th regiment, which broke the resistance of the enemy forces, entered Agsu and continued its attack up to Shamakhi hill. The 10th regiment advanced from the north of Agsun and dealt a serious blow to the fleeing enemy. Freeing Gurçuva, he took a position there. In the course of the battle, 1 field cannon, 1 battle cart, 5 machine guns, up to 30 different weapons and up to 15 carts full of property of the local population looted by Dashnaks were captured. The Battle of Agsu consolidated the victory won in the Battle of Garamaryam.
The Bolsheviks launched a fierce offensive operation, but were repulsed on July 2 with the support of the local population. The Turkish troops, who launched a counter-attack, broke the siege of the city and created conditions for the Bolsheviks to withdraw to the Banka settlement . In these battles, Bolshevik forces lost 600 people, 132 of them were wounded. 12 people from the Turkish division were killed and 17 people were injured
On July 12, the Turkish troops attacking with 50 cavalrymen defeated the 400-person infantry division supported by machine guns and captured Banka. Thus, the waterway of Kura river is fully protected. The defense of the region was entrusted to Nazim Ramazanov.
Despite all their efforts, the Bolshevik-Dashnak forces were unable to prevent the attack of the 13th Regiment. Towards evening, the right flank of the regiment and the left flank of the Mususlu detachment merged to the west of Kurdamir. A few hours later, the combined forces completely liberated the settlement from the enemy. The liberation of Kurdamir further strengthened the military initiative in the hands of Turkish-Azerbaijani troops.
In the battle that began on August 26, the 13th Infantry Regiment captured Hill 364. Hill 311 could not be captured. On August 27, Centrocaspian Dictatorship tried to recapture Hill 364, but failed. After a while, the hill 311 was captured by Azerbaijanis. In addition to Binagadi village, Digah and Mohammadi villages were also taken over by Azerbaijanis.
At the end of the battles, which ended with the defeat of the Red Army units, the western part of Karamaryam was completely under the control of the Caucasian Islamic Army units , and the eastern part was partially under its control. The successful completion of the decisive battles created confidence in the decisive victory among the personnel of the army, and became a turning point in the struggle for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan .
On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman authorities arrested and deported hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and leaders from Constantinople. At the orders of Talaat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. Driven forward by paramilitary escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to robbery, rape, and massacres. In the Syrian Desert, the survivors were dispersed into concentration camps(Deir ez-Zor camps and Ras al-Ayn camps). In 1916, another wave of massacres was ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of the year. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. Massacres and ethnic cleansing of Armenian survivors continued through the Turkish War of Independence after World War I, carried out by Turkish nationalists.
The Ottoman government persecuted the Armenian people and forced them to march out to the Syrian city of Deir al-Zour and the surrounding desert without any facilities and supplies that would have been necessary to sustain the life of hundreds of thousands of Armenian deportees during and after their forced march to the Syrian desert.
Ras al-Ayn became a major collecting place for deported Armenians from Anatolia. By September 1915, groups of refugees (usually made up of women and children) began to arrive after the exhausting journey. In April 1916 the German consul reported "again massacre at Ras ul Ain": "300 to 500 deportees are taken out of the concentration camp each day and butchered at a distance of 10 km. from Ras ul Ain" In the summer of 1916 new rounds of massacres were improvised by the Turkish government in the areas of Deir ez-Zor, Rakka and Ras ul-Ain. In 1916, over 80,000 of Armenians were slaughtered in Ras al-Ayn.