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[[Dosya:Altınyıldız.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[İstanbul]], [[Bahçelievler]]'de apartmanlar]]
'''Apartman''', birden fazla yaşam birimini içeren yapı. Çoğunlukla konut olarak tasarlanmakla birlikte bazen dükkanları ve başka konut dışı kullanımları da barındırır. Apartmanın konut birimleri, birçok biçimde gruplanabildiği gibi büyüklük, donatım ve olanaklar bakımından da çeşitli olabildiği için, değişik aile ve bireylerin gereksinimlerini karşılar.
 
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{{diğer anlam|Tenement|the concept in property law|Tenement (law)}}
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[[ImageDosya:Sg woodlands a7 01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|An apartment estate in Singapore. Such blocks make up the majority of both [[Housing and Development Board|public housing]] and housing in general in [[Singapore]].]]
[[ImageDosya:Riverviewnorthlivingroom.jpg|thumb|right|A living room in Avalon Riverview North, a New York city luxury apartment building, [[United States]].]]
[[ImageDosya:Apartmentingurgaon.JPG|thumb|right|An apartment complex in [[Gurgaon]], [[India]].]]
[[ImageDosya:red.brick.flats.london.arp.jpg|thumb|right|A red brick apartment block in [[Limehouse]], on the north bank of the [[Thames]], [[East London, England]]]]
 
An '''apartment''', or '''flat''', is a self-contained [[House|housing]] unit that occupies only part of a [[building]]. Such a building may be called an '''apartment building''', especially if it consists of many apartments for [[Renting|rent]]. Apartments may be owned by an ''owner/occupier'' or rented by ''tenants''.
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[[Tenement (law)|Tenement law]] refers to the [[feudalism|feudal]] basis of permanent property such as land or rents. May be found combined as in "[[Messuage]] or Tenement" to encompass all the land, buildings and other assets of a property.
 
In the US, some apartment-dwellers own their own apartments, either as [[cooperative|co-ops]], in which the residents own shares of a corporation that owns the building or development; or in [[condominium (housing)|condominiumcondominiums]]s, whose residents own their apartments and share ownership of the public spaces. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large older [[house]]s are sometimes divided into apartments. The word ''apartment'' connotes a residential unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word denotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, and is not typically used for a condominium.
 
In the UK, some flat owners own a share in the company that owns the [[Fee simple|freehold]] of the building. This is commonly known as a "share of freehold" flat. The freehold company has the right to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and restrictions that might apply.
 
In some countries the word '''unit''' is a more general term referring to both apartments and rental business [[Suite (address)|suitesuites]]s. The word is generally used only in the context of a specific building; e.g., "This building has three units" or "I'm going to rent a unit in this building", but not "I'm going to rent a unit somewhere." In Australia, a '''unit''' refers to flats, apartments or even [[semi-detached]] houses. Some buildings can be characterized as ''mixed use buildings'', meaning part of the building is for commercial, business, or office use, usually on the first floor or first couple floors, and there are one or more apartments in the rest of the building, usually on the upper floors.
 
When there is no tenant occupying an apartment, the apartment owner or [[landlord]] is said to have a ''vacancy''.
For apartment landlords, each vacancy represents a loss of income from rent-paying tenants for the time the apartment is vacant (i.e., unoccupied). Landlords' objectives are often to minimize the vacancy rate for their units. The owner of the apartment, typically when transferring possession to the occupant, gives him/her the [[Key (lock)|key]] to the apartment entrance and any other keys needed, such as a common key to the building or any other common areas and a mailbox key. When the occupant(s) move out, these keys are typically returned to the owner.
 
== Apartment types and characteristics ==
[[FileDosya:View of YangJe-Cheon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Samsung Tower Palace]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. They are the tallest luxury apartments in [[East Asia]].]]
[[ImageDosya:flats at bristol harbour arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Upmarket]] apartments in [[Bristol]], [[United Kingdom]]]]
[[ImageDosya:Seattle - garden apartments at 18th and Spruce.jpg|thumb|right|Garden apartments in [[Seattle]], [[Washington]], [[United States]].]]
[[FileDosya:Hyperion Towers Night.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Hyperion Tower]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. Under the apartment is a [[Hyundai Department Store]] in operation, a chain of luxury department stores.]]
[[ImageDosya:Apartment.JPG|thumb|right|An apartment in the [[Philippines]].]]
[[FileDosya:EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Ankru street 13 interior -1.JPG|thumb|Interior of USSR apartment house built in 1971]]
[[FileDosya:TLN-Haabersti-Järveotsa.JPG|thumb|Apartments in [[Tallinn]]]]
Apartments can be classified into several types. In the US the typical terms are a '''[[Studio apartment|Studio]]''', '''efficiency''', [[bedsit]], or bachelor style apartment. These all tend to be the smallest apartments with the cheapest rents in a given area. These kinds of apartment usually consist mainly of a large room which is the living, dining, and bedroom combined. There are usually kitchen facilities as part of this central room, but the [[bathroom]] is its own smaller separate room.
 
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Another definition of "garden apartment" is a unit built half below grade or at ground level.<ref>"garden apartment." [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/garden%20apartment Dictionary.com Unabridged], Random House, Inc., retrieved 2009-10-16</ref> The implication is that there is a view or direct access to a garden from the apartment, but this is not necessarily the case.
 
[[Laundry]] facilities may be found in a common area accessible to all the tenants in the building, or each apartment may have its own facilities. Depending on when the building was built and the design of the building, utilities such as water, heating, and electricity may be common for all the apartments in the building or separate for each apartment and billed separately to each tenant (however, many areas in the US have ruled it illegal to split a water bill among all the tenants, especially if a pool is on the premises). Outlets for connection to [[telephone]]s are typically included in apartments. Telephone service is optional and is practically always billed separately from the rent payments. [[Cable television]] and similar amenities are extra also. [[Parking]] space(s), [[air conditioner]], and extra [[Closet|storage]] space may or may not be included with an apartment. Rental [[Rental agreement|leaseleases]]s often limit the maximum number of people who can reside in each apartment. On or around the ground floor of the apartment building, a series of [[Letter box|mailboxmailboxes]]es are typically kept in a location accessible to the public and, thus, to the [[mailman]] too. Every unit typically gets its own mailbox with individual [[Key (lock)|keykeys]]s to it. Some very large apartment buildings with a full-time staff may take mail from the mailman and provide mail-sorting service. Near the mailboxes or some other location accessible by outsiders, there may be a [[buzzer]] (equivalent to a doorbell) for each individual unit. In smaller apartment buildings such as two- or three-flats, or even four-flats, [[Waste|garbage]] is often disposed of in trash containers similar to those used at houses. In larger buildings, garbage is often collected in a common trash bin or [[Dumpster (term)|dumpster]]. For cleanliness or minimizing noise, many lessors will place restrictions on tenants regarding keeping [[pet]]s in an apartment.
 
In some parts of the world, the word apartment refers to a new purpose-built self-contained residential unit in a building, whereas the word ''flat'' means a converted self-contained unit in an older building. An industrial, warehouse, or commercial space converted to an apartment is commonly called a [[loft]], although some modern lofts are built by design. An apartment consisting of the top floor of a high apartment building can be called a ''[[penthouse]]''.
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In Russia, a '''communal apartment''' («коммуналка») is a room with a shared kitchen and bath. A typical arrangement is a cluster of five or so apartments with their common kitchen and bathroom and their own front door, occupying a floor in a pre-Revolutionary mansion. Traditionally a room is owned by the government and assigned to a family on a semi-permanent basis. It is possible to "privatize" a room by paying a large sum of money to the government; then it can legally be sold.
 
=== Property classes ===
In every community there are several types of multi-family housing, properties are typically put into one of four property classes.<ref>http://www.trumpuniversity.com/mynetwork/inside-trump-tower/issue133.cfm</ref> Each "class" of properties has a letter grade. These grades are used to help [[investors]] and [[real estate brokers]] speak a common language so they can understand a property's characteristics and condition quickly. They are as follows:<br />
 
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=== Scotland ===
[[ImageDosya:Tenementedin.jpg|thumb|right|Tenement in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] built in 1882]]
 
In Scotland, the term 'tenement' lacks the pejorative connotations it carries elsewhere, and refers simply to any block of flats sharing a common central staircase and lacking an elevator, particularly those constructed prior to 1919. Tenements were, and continue to be, inhabited by a wide range of social classes and income groups.
 
During the 19th century tenements became the predominant type of new housing in [[Scotland]]'s industrial cities, although they were very common in the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]] in Edinburgh from the 15th century where they reached ten or eleven storeys high and in one case fourteen storeys. Built of [[sandstone]] or [[granite]], Scottish tenements are usually three to five storeys in height, with two to four flats on each floor. (In contrast, industrial cities in [[England]] tended to favour "back-to-back" [[terraced house|terraceterraces]]s of [[brick]].) Scottish tenements are constructed in terraces of tenements, and each entrance within a block is referred to as a ''close'' or ''stair'' &mdash;— both referring to the shared passageway to the individual flats. Flights of stairs and landings are generally designated common areas, and residents traditionally took turns to sweep clean the floors, and in [[Aberdeen]] in particular, took turns to make use of shared laundry facilities in the "back green" (garden or yard). It is now more common for cleaning of the common ways to be contracted out through a managing agent or "factor".
 
Tenements today are bought by a wide range of social types, including young professionals, older retiring people, and by absentee landlords, often for rental to students after they leave [[dorm|halls of residence]] managed by their institution. The [[National Trust for Scotland]] Tenement House museum in [[Glasgow]] offers an insight into the lifestyle of tenement dwellers.
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In Glasgow, where Scotland's highest concentration of tenement dwellings can be found, the urban renewal projects of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s brought an end to the city's slums, which had primarily consisted of older tenements built in the early 19th century in which large extended families would live together in cramped conditions. They were replaced by high-rise blocks that, within a couple of decades, became notorious for crime and poverty. The [[Glasgow Corporation]] made many efforts to improve the situation, most successfully with the [[City Improvement Trust]], which cleared the slums of the old town, replacing them with what they thought of as a traditional High Street, which remains an imposing townscape. (The [[City Halls]] and the [[Cleland Testimonial]] were part of this scheme). National government help was given following [[World War I]] when Housing Acts sought to provide "homes fit for heroes". Garden suburb areas, based on English models, such as [[Knightswood]] were set up. These proved too expensive, so a modern tenement, three stories high, slate roofed and built of reconstituted stone, was re-introduced and a slum clearance programme initiated to clear areas such as the [[Calton, Glasgow|Calton]] and the [[Garngad]].
 
Post second World War II, more ambitious plans, known as the [[Bruce Plan]], were made for the complete evacuation of slums to modern mid-rise housing developments on the outskirts of the city. However, central government refused to fund the plans, preferring instead to depopulate the city to a series of [[New towns in the United Kingdom|New TownTowns]]s<ref name="autogenerated2"> Williamson, E, Riches, A, Higgs, M ''The Buildings of Scotland: Glasgow'' Penguin Books London 1900 ISBN 014 0710 69 8</ref><ref>[http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/houses.htm|Houses and Mansions: Domestic Architecture of Glasgow's South Side|accessdate=2008-06-03]</ref> Again, economic considerations meant that many of the planned "New Town" amenities were never built in these areas. These housing estates, known as "schemes", came therefore to be widely regarded as unsuccessful; many, such as [[Castlemilk]], were just dormitories well away from the centre of the city with no amenities, such as shops and [[public houses]] (deserts with windows, as [[Billy Connolly]] once put it). High rise living too started off with bright ambition - the [[Moss Heights]] are still desirable - (1950 - 1954) but fell prey to later economic pressure. Many of the later tower blocks were poorly designed and cheaply built and their anonymity caused some social problems.
 
In 1970 a team from [[Strathclyde University]] demonstrated that the old tenements had been basically sound, and could be given new life with replumbing with kitchens and bathroom.<ref name="autogenerated2"> [Williamson, E, Riches, A, Higgs, M ''The Buildings of Scotland:Glasgow'' Penguin Books London 1900 ISBN 0 14 0710 69 8]</ref> The Corporation acted on this principle for the first time in 1973 at the ''Old Swan Corner'', [[Pollokshaws]]. Thereafter, ''Housing Action Areas'' were set up to renovate so-called slums. Later, privately owned tenements benefited from government help in "stone cleaning", revealing a honey-coloured sandstone behind the presumed "grey" tenemental facades. The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful. Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s<ref>[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/springburn/spring066.htm Glasgow Digital Library: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975]</ref> and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed fine examples of a "universally admired architectural" style.<!-- <ref name="autogenerated1" /> --> The [[Glasgow Housing Association]] took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and has begun a £96 million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats.<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm Glasgow announces a revolution in house-building]</ref>
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=== United States and Canada ===
[[ImageDosya:LowerEastSideTenements.JPG|thumb|right|Tenement buildings in [[Manhattan]]'s Lower East Side, [[United States]]]]
 
In 1839, the first New York City tenement was built, housing mainly poor [[immigrants]]. The tenements were breeding grounds for [[outlaw]]s, [[juvenile delinquent]]s, and [[organized crime]]. [[Muckraker]] journalist [[Jacob Riis]] wrote in ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]'':
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Some significant developments in architectural design of apartment buildings came out of the 1950s and 60s. Among them were groundbreaking designs in the [[860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments]] (1951), [[New Century Guild]] (1961), [[Marina City]] (1964) and [[Lake Point Tower]] (1968).
 
[[ImageDosya:East 57th St Apartments.jpg|thumb|180px|Apartment buildings lining the residential stretch of East 57th Street between [[First Avenue (Manhattan)|First Avenue]] and [[Sutton Place, Manhattan|Sutton Place]] in New York.]]
Apartment buildings are multi-story buildings where three or more residences are contained within one structure. In more urban areas, apartments close to the [[downtown]] area have the benefits of proximity to jobs and/or [[public transportation]]. However, prices per square foot are often much higher than in suburban areas.
 
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Apartments were popular in [[Canada]], particularly in urban centres like [[Vancouver]], [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] in the 1950s to 1970s. By the 1980s, many multi-unit buildings were being constructed as [[condominium]]s instead of apartments, and both are now very common. Specifically in Toronto, high-rise apartments and condominiums have been spread around the city, giving almost every major suburb a skyline.
 
[[ImageDosya:Marina City - Chicago, Illinois.JPG|thumb|right|Marina City in [[Chicago]], [[United States]] built in 1959 was a landmark in apartment construction]]
The slang term [[Dingbat (building)|dingbat]] has been coined to describe cheap urban apartment buildings from the 1950s and 1960s with unique and often wacky façades to differentiate themselves within a full block of apartments. They are often stilted, and with parking spots underneath.
 
=== Australia and New Zealand ===
[[ImageDosya:Q1 Q Deck day.JPG|thumb|right|Many of Australia's seaside resorts feature some hi-rise apartment buildings. The skyline of the Gold Coast in Queensland is dominated by them.]]
 
In Australia, the term "flats" is used for lower income apartments, whereas the word apartment (with the exception of older style buildings) is almost always used for buildings of higher quality or character. Newer buildings are called apartments if they have an elevator. The term condominium or condo is rarely used in Australia despite attempts by developers to market it. A high-rise apartment building is commonly referred to as a ''Residential tower'' or ''Apartment tower'' in Australia.
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In Australia, apartment living is a popular lifestyle choice for [[DINKY]], [[yuppie]]s, [[university student]]s and more recently and [[empty nester]]s, however rising land values in the big cities in recent years has seen an increase in families living in apartments. In Melbourne and Sydney apartment living is sometimes not a matter of choice for the many socially disadvantaged people who often end up in public housing towers.
 
[[ImageDosya:Canterbury flats st kilda.jpg|thumb|right|The Canterbury in [[St Kilda, Victoria]] is one of the earliest surviving apartment buildings in Australia]]
[[ImageDosya:Potts Point 03.JPG|thumb|right|Art Deco and Spanish Mission style apartment buildings in Potts Point Sydney, [[Australia]]]]
[[ImageDosya:Housing Commission High Rise Collingwood.JPG|thumb|right|An 'S-shaped' 1960s high rise on Wellington Street in [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]], [[Australia]]]]
[[ImageDosya:StLeonards apartments.JPG|thumb|right|Modern apartment complex in St Leonards, [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]]]
[[ImageDosya:Melbourne Docklands.jpg|thumb|right|Many luxury apartments at New Quay in Melbourne Docklands, Australia come with boat moorings]]
 
Australia has a relatively recent history in apartment buildings. [[Terrace houses]] were the early response to density development, though the majority of Australians lived in fully detached houses. Apartments of any kind were legislated against in the [[Parliament of Queensland]] as part of the [[Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885]].
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=== Real estate investment ===
 
== Ayrıca bakınız ==
* [[Apartment hotel]]
* [[Basement apartment]]
* [[Insulae]], an apartment building in ancient Rome
* [[List of house types]]
* [[Penthouse apartment]]
* ''[[Pied-à-terre]]''
* [[Studio apartment]]
* [[Tower block]]
* [[Triple decker]]
 
== Kaynakça ==
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{{Buildings and structures}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apartment Building}}
== Dış bağlantılar ==▼
[[Category:Apartment types]]▼
[[Category:Planned residential developments| Apartments]]▼
[[Category:Real estate]]▼
 
▲==Dış bağlantılar==
{{Wiktionary-inline|apartment}}
{{Commonscat-inline|Apartment blocks}}
 
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▲[[CategoryKategori:Apartment types]]
▲[[CategoryKategori:Planned residential developments| Apartments]]
▲[[CategoryKategori:Real estate]]
 
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