Doğal seçilim: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
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1. satır:
{{Evrimsel biyoloji}}
'''Doğal seçilim''', belirli bir türde dış çevreye uyum konusunda daha elverişli özelliklere sahip [[organizma]]ların, bu elverişli özelliklere sahip olmayan diğer bireylere göre yaşama ve [[üreme]] şanslarının daha yüksek olması ve bunun sonucu olarak genlerini yeni kuşaklara aktarabilmeleri yoluyla işleyen [[evrim]]sel mekanizma. Böylece dış ortama uyum sağlamakta sorunlar yaşayan bireyler ve genler organizma popülasyonundan tasfiye edilmiş olmaktadır. Ayrıca '''doğal seçme''', '''doğal ayıklanma''' ya da '''doğal seleksiyon''' olarak da adlandırılır.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.eba.gov.tr/arama?q=Do%C4%9Fal%20seleksiyon | başlık = EBA, Eğitim Bilişim Ağı, Ders, Haber, e-Dergi, e-Kitap, Video, Ses, Görsel, e-Doküman, İçerik {{!}} Eğitim Bilişim Ağı | erişimtarihi = 5 Mart 2021 | çalışma = www.eba.gov.tr | arşivengelli = evet}}</ref>{{Kaynağı sorgula}}
Satır 7 ⟶ 6:
Doğal seçilim mekanizması, bu şekilde işleyerek uyum sağlamada ([[adaptasyon]]da) başarılı olamayan bireylerin kalıtsal özelliklerinin popülasyondan ayıklanarak sonraki kuşaklara aktarılmasını önlemiş olur. Öte yandan uyum konusunda daha başarılı olan bireylerin kalıtsal özelliklerinin gelecek kuşaklara daha etkin olarak aktarılmasını sağlar. Sonuçta popülasyon, uyum sağlamada başarılı olan bireylerden oluşmuş olacaktır. Gerekli zaman verildiğinde bu pasif işlem adaptasyonlar ve [[türleşme]], [[uyumsal açılım]] ile sonuçlanabilir.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.ekoloji.com/ekoloji/dogal-seleksiyon-nedir/ | başlık = Doğal Seleksiyon Nedir? | erişimtarihi = 5 Mart 2021 | çalışma = www.ekoloji.com | arşivengelli = evet}}</ref>
== Tarihsel gelişim ==
{{Ana madde|Evrim düşüncesinin tarihi}}
=== Darwin öncesi teoriler ===
[[File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|bağlantı=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|küçükresim|Aristoteles, sadece işe yarar olanların hayatta kaldığı takdirde başka canlı formlarının ortaya çıkıp çıkmayacağını düşünmüştür.]]
[[Empedokles]]<ref>{{harvnb|Empedocles|1898|loc=[https://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/emp.html#book2 ''On Nature'', Book II]}}</ref> ve onun entelektüel mirasçısı olan [[Roma Cumhuriyeti|Romalı]] şair [[Titus Lucretius Carus|Lucretius]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lucretius|1916|loc=[http://classics.mit.edu/Carus/nature_things.5.v.html ''On the Nature of Things'', Book V]}}</ref> da dahil olmak üzere [[Klasik Dönem|klasik dönemde]] yaşamış birçok filozof, doğanın rastgele bir şekilde çeşitli birçok canlı ürettiği ve yalnızca yiyecek bulup üremeyi başarabilen canlıların hayatta kaldığı fikrini dile getirdiler. [[Aristoteles]], Empedokles'in organizmaların tamamen sıcak ve soğuk gibi nedenlerin tesadüfî işleyişiyle ortaya çıktığı fikrini ''[[Fizik (Aristoteles)|Fizik]]'' adlı eserinin II. kitabında eleştirdi.<ref>{{harvnb|Aristotle|loc=[http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.2.ii.html ''Physics'', Book II, Chapters 4 and 8]}}</ref> Biçimin bir amaç için elde edildiğine inandığından türlerdeki kalıtımın düzenliliğini kanıt olarak göstererek, Empedokles'in fikrinin yerine doğal [[Teleoloji|teleolojiyi]] koydu.<ref>{{harvnb|Lear|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hSAGlzPLq7gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA38&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false 38]}}</ref><ref name="henry">{{cite journal|url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=devinhenry|title=Aristotle on the Mechanism of Inheritance|date=September 2006|issue=3|pages=425–455|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=39|doi=10.1007/s10739-005-3058-y|last=Henry|first=Devin|s2cid=85671523}}</ref> Yine de biyolojisinde canavarlar (τερας) gibi yeni hayvan türlerinin çok nadir durumlarda ortaya çıkabileceğini kabul etti (''[[Hayvanların Oluşumu]]'', IV. Kitap).[[Dosya:Antibiotic resistance tr.png|küçükresim|250px|sağ|Doğal seçilim yolu ile antibiyotik direncin nasıl arttırıldığı. Üstteki ilk bölüm, antibiyotiğe maruz kalmamış bir bakteri nüfusunu göstermektedir. Orta bölümde ise antibiyotiğe maruz kalmalarında hemen sonraki durumları gösteriliyor. Bu kısmı seçilimin rol oynadığı bölümdür. Son kısım ise direncin yeni bakteri neslinde nasıl yayıldığını göstermektedir. Açık renk en az direnç, koyu renk en çok direnç.]]
== Ayrıca bakınız ==
Satır 14 ⟶ 18:
== Kaynakça==
'''Özel'''{{kaynakça}}'''Genel'''{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|title=Sexual Selection|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|series=Monographs in Behavior and Ecology|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-00057-2|oclc=28891551|last=Andersson|first=Malte|lccn=93033276}}
* {{cite book|title=Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology|archive-date=19 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219021804/http://web.missouri.edu/~ariewa/Teleology.pdf|chapter=Platonic and Aristotelian Roots of Teleological Arguments|chapter-url=http://web.missouri.edu/~ariewa/Teleology.pdf|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-824103-4|editor2-first=Robert|editor3-first=Mark|editor2-last=Cummins|editor3-last=Perlman|oclc=48965141|first=André|editor1-first=André|lccn=2002020184|editor1-last=Ariew|last=Ariew}}
* {{cite book|title=Physics|publisher=The Internet Classics Archive|title-link=Physics (Aristotle)|others=Translated by R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye|oclc=54350394|author=Aristotle|author-link=Aristotle}}
* {{cite book|title=Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities|location=Oxford; Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Science]]|edition=3rd|title-link=Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems|year=1996|isbn=978-0-632-03801-5|oclc=32893848|last1=Begon|first1=Michael|last2=Townsend|first2=Colin R.|last3=Harper|first3=John L.|author-link3=John L. Harper|lccn=95024627}}
* {{cite book|title=Evolutionary Ecology: The 23rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Leeds, 1982|chapter=The Definition and Measurement of Fitness|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecol0000brit|location=Oxford; Boston|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell#Blackwell Publishing history|Blackwell Scientific Publications]]|series=Symposium of the [[British Ecological Society]]|year=1984|volume=23|isbn=978-0-632-01189-6|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Shorrocks|oclc=12586581|last=Christiansen|first=Freddy B.|lccn=85106855}} Modified from Christiansen by adding survival selection in the reproductive phase.
* {{cite book|title=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|location=London|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|edition=1st|title-link=On the Origin of Species|year=1859|oclc=741260650|last=Darwin|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Darwin|lccn=06017473}} The book is available from [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F373&viewtype=side The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online]. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
* {{cite book|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F381&viewtype=side|title=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|location=London|publisher=John Murray|edition=3rd|year=1861|oclc=550913|last=Darwin|first=Charles|lccn=04001284}}
* {{cite book|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F391&viewtype=side|title=The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|location=London|publisher=John Murray|edition=6th|year=1872|oclc=1185571|last=Darwin|first=Charles}}
* {{cite book|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=1|title=The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: With original omissions restored; Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter, Nora Barlow|location=London|publisher=[[William Collins, Sons|Collins]]|year=1958|editor-first=Nora|editor-last=Barlow|oclc=869541868|last=Darwin|first=Charles|lccn=93017940}}
* {{cite book|title=The Selfish Gene|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|title-link=The Selfish Gene|year=1976|isbn=978-0-19-857519-1|oclc=2681149|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Dawkins|lccn=76029168}}
* {{cite book|title=Consciousness Explained|location=Boston, MA|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|edition=1st|title-link=Consciousness Explained|year=1991|isbn=978-0-316-18065-8|oclc=23648691|last=Dennett|first=Daniel C.|author-link=Daniel Dennett|lccn=91015614}}
* {{cite book|title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life|location=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|title-link=Darwin's Dangerous Idea|year=1995|isbn=978-0-684-80290-9|oclc=31867409|last=Dennett|first=Daniel C.|lccn=94049158}}
* {{cite book|title=Genetics and the Origin of Species|location=New York|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|series=[[Columbia University Biological Series]]|title-link=Genetics and the Origin of Species|year=1937|oclc=766405|last=Dobzhansky|first=Theodosius|author-link=Theodosius Dobzhansky|lccn=37033383}}
** {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547790|title=Genetics and the Origin of Species|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|series=Columbia University Biological Series|edition=3rd revised|year=1951|oclc=295774|last=Dobzhansky|first=Theodosius|lccn=51014816|author-mask=2}}
* {{cite book|title=Darwin's Century: Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|edition=1st|year=1958|oclc=168989|last=Eisley|first=Loren|author-link=Loren Eiseley|lccn=58006638}}
* {{cite book|title=The First Philosophers of Greece|chapter=Empedokles|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029013162|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.|year=1898|others=Translation by Arthur Fairbanks|editor-first=Arthur|editor-last=Fairbanks|oclc=1376248|author=Empedocles|author-link=Empedocles|editor-link=Arthur Fairbanks|lccn=03031810}} {{Internet Archive|id=cu31924029013162|name=The First Philosophers of Greece}}.
* {{cite book|title=Natural Selection in the Wild|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-691-08386-5|oclc=12262762|last=Endler|first=John A.|author-link=John Endler|lccn=85042683}}
* {{cite book|title=Dialectics of Nature|location=Moscow, USSR|publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]|edition=3rd rev.|title-link=Dialectics of Nature|year=1964|orig-year=1883|others=1939 preface by [[J.B.S. Haldane]]|oclc=807047245|last=Engels|first=Friedrich|author-link=Friedrich Engels|lccn=66044448}} The book is available from the [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/don/index.htm Marxist Internet Archive].
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu00falc|title=Introduction to Quantitative Genetics|location=Harlow, England|publisher=[[Longman]]|edition=4th|year=1996|isbn=978-0-582-24302-6|oclc=824656731|last1=Falconer|first1=Douglas S.|author-link1=Douglas Scott Falconer|last2=Mackay|first2=Trudy F.C.}}
* {{cite book|title=The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press#The Clarendon Press|The Clarendon Press]]|title-link=The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection|year=1930|oclc=493745635|last=Fisher|first=Ronald Aylmer|author-link=Ronald Fisher|lccn=30029177}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/evolution0000futu|title=Evolution|location=Sunderland, MA|publisher=[[Sinauer Associates]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-87893-187-3|oclc=57311264|last=Futuyma|first=Douglas J.|author-link=Douglas J. Futuyma|lccn=2004029808}}
* {{cite book|title=Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning|location=Reading, MA|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley|Addison-Wesley Publishing Company]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-201-15767-3|oclc=17674450|last=Goldberg|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Goldberg|lccn=88006276}}
* {{cite book|title=The Causes of Evolution|location=London; New York|publisher=[[Longman|Longmans, Green & Co.]]|title-link=The Causes of Evolution|year=1932|oclc=5006266|last=Haldane|first=J B.S.|author-link=J. B. S. Haldane|lccn=32033284}} "This book is based on a series of lectures delivered in January 1931 at the Prifysgol Cymru, Aberystwyth, and entitled 'A re-examination of Darwinism'."
* {{cite book|title=Atti del IX Congresso Internazionale di Genetica, Bellagio (Como) 24–31 agosto 1953|chapter=The Measurement of Natural Selection|chapter-url=http://wellcomelibrary.org/player/b18033878#?asi=0&ai=494&z=-0.6189%2C-0.0449%2C2.8968%2C1.6356|date=1954|pages=480–487|location=Florence, Italy|publisher=[[University of Florence]]|series=Caryologia|trans-title=Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Genetics|volume=6 (1953/54) Suppl.|editor2-first=A.|editor2-last=Chiarugi|oclc=9069245|first=J.B.S.|editor1-first=Giuseppe|editor1-last=Montalenti|author-link=J. B. S. Haldane|last=Haldane}}
* {{cite book|title=The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection in Evolution|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-507951-7|oclc=23253930|last=Kauffman|first=Stuart|author-link=Stuart Kauffman|lccn=91011148}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophie Zoologique|location=Paris|publisher=Dentu et L'Auteur|title-link=Philosophie Zoologique|year=1809|oclc=2210044|last=Lamarck|first=Jean-Baptiste|author-link=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck}} {{Internet Archive|id=philosophiezool06unkngoog|name=Philosophie zoologique (1809)}}.
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotledesiret0000lear|title=Aristotle: The Desire to Understand|location=Cambridge, UK; New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-34762-4|oclc=16352317|last=Lear|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Lear|url-access=registration|lccn=87020284}}
* {{cite book|title=The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=University of Chicago Press|edition=3rd|year=1996|isbn=978-0-226-45808-3|oclc=34548541|last=Kuhn|first=Thomas S.|author-link=Thomas Kuhn|lccn=96013195}}
* {{cite book|title=The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing|location=Cambridge, UK; New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=2nd|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-73071-6|oclc=295002266|editor-last1=Lemey|editor-first1=Philippe|editor-last2=Salemi|editor-first2=Marco|editor-last3=Vandamme|editor-first3=Anne-Mieke|lccn=2009464132}}
* {{cite book|title=De rerum natura|chapter=Book V|location=Medford/Somerville, MA|publisher=[[Tufts University]]|title-link=De rerum natura|year=1916|others=Translated by William Ellery Leonard|editor-first=William Ellery|editor-last=Leonard|oclc=33233743|author=Lucretius|author-link=Lucretius|editor-link=William Ellery Leonard}}
* {{cite book|title=The Theory of Island Biogeography|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|series=Princeton Landmarks in Biology|title-link=The Theory of Island Biogeography|year=2001|orig-year=Originally published 1967|others=New preface by Edward O. Wilson|isbn=978-0-691-08836-5|oclc=45202069|author-link2=E. O. Wilson|first1=Robert H.|first2=Edward O.|last2=Wilson|author-link1=Robert MacArthur|lccn=00051495|last1=MacArthur}}
* {{cite book|title=An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society: with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers|location=London|publisher=J. Johnson|edition=1st|title-link=An Essay on the Principle of Population|year=1798|oclc=65344349|last=Malthus|first=Thomas Robert|author-link=Thomas Robert Malthus|lccn=46038215}} The book is available [http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/Essay.htm#112 here] from Frank Elwell, [[Rogers State University]].
* {{cite book|title=Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|series=Columbia Biological Series|title-link=Systematics and the Origin of Species|year=1942|volume=13|oclc=766053|last=Mayr|first=Ernst|author-link=Ernst Mayr|lccn=43001098}}
* {{cite book|title=Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: The Darwinian Pivot|chapter=Sexual Selection and Natural Selection|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers|AldineTransaction]]|year=2006|orig-year=Originally published 1972; Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.|isbn=978-0-202-30845-6|editor-first=Bernard G.|editor-last=Campbell|oclc=62857839|last=Mayr|first=Ernst|lccn=2005046652}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/darwiniandynamic00mich|title=Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-691-02699-2|oclc=38948118|last=Michod|first=Richard A.|lccn=98004166}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/matingmind00geof|title=The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature|location=New York|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|edition=1st|year=2000|isbn=978-0-385-49516-5|oclc=43648482|last=Miller|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)|lccn=00022673}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoge00mitc|title=An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|series=Complex Adaptive Systems|year=1996|isbn=978-0-262-13316-6|oclc=42854439|last=Mitchell|first=Melanie|author-link=Melanie Mitchell|lccn=95024489}}
* {{cite book|title=The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language|location=New York|publisher=Harper Perennial|edition=1st [[Harper Perennial]]|title-link=The Language Instinct|year=1995|orig-year=Originally published 1994; New York: [[William Morrow and Company]]|isbn=978-0-06-097651-4|oclc=670524593|last=Pinker|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Pinker|lccn=94039138}}
* {{cite book|title=Evolutionary Theory: Mathematical and Conceptual Foundations|location=Sunderland, MA|publisher=Sinauer Associates|year=2004|isbn=978-0-87893-702-8|oclc=54988554|last=Rice|first=Sean H.|lccn=2004008054}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_66lBAAAAYAAJ|title=Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus|location=Leipzig|publisher=[[Wilhelm Engelmann]]|year=1881|oclc=8200805|last=Roux|first=Wilhelm|author-link=Wilhelm Roux}} {{Internet Archive|id=derkampfdertheil00roux|name=Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus}} Retrieved 2015-08-11.
* {{cite book|title=The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1993|orig-year=Originally published 1984; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press|isbn=978-0-226-76748-2|oclc=896826726|last=Sober|first=Elliott|author-link=Elliott Sober|lccn=93010367}}
* {{cite book|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=AJP5195.0001.001&view=toc|title=Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays|location=New York|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan & Co.]]|edition=2nd, with corrections and additions|year=1871|orig-year=Originally published 1870|oclc=809350209|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|lccn=agr04000394}}
* {{cite book|title=Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|series=Princeton Science Library|title-link=Adaptation and Natural Selection|year=1966|isbn=978-0-691-02615-2|oclc=35230452|last=Williams|first=George C.|author-link=George C. Williams (biologist)|lccn=65017164}}
* {{cite book|title=Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-02615-2|oclc=48777441|last=Wilson|first=David Sloan|author-link=David Sloan Wilson|lccn=2002017375}}
* {{cite book|title=Evolution: Making Sense of Life|location=Greenwood Village, CO|publisher=Roberts and Company Publishers|edition=1st|year=2013|isbn=978-1-936221-17-2|oclc=767565909|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl|author-link1=Carl Zimmer|last2=Emlen|first2=Douglas J.|author-link2=Douglas Emlen|lccn=2012025118}}
{{refend}}
== İleri okuma ==
'''Meslekî ve teknik okurlar için'''
* {{cite book|title=Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=2nd|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-856972-5|oclc=170034792|last=Bell|first=Graham|author-link=Graham Bell (biologist)|lccn=2007039692}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontona00john|title=Introduction to Natural Selection|location=Baltimore, MD|publisher=University Park Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-8391-0936-5|oclc=2091640|last=Johnson|first=Clifford|lccn=76008175}}
* {{cite book|title=The Structure of Evolutionary Theory|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press|Belknap Press of Harvard University Press]]|title-link=The Structure of Evolutionary Theory|year=2002|isbn=978-0-674-00613-3|oclc=47869352|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|author-link=Stephen Jay Gould|lccn=2001043556}}
* {{cite book|title=The Theory of Evolution|location=Cambridge, New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|edition=Canto|title-link=The Theory of Evolution|year=1993|orig-year=Originally published 1958; Harmondsworth, England: [[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-521-45128-4|oclc=27676642|last=Maynard Smith|first=John|author-link=John Maynard Smith|lccn=93020358}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/popper/natural_selection_and_the_emergence_of_mind.html|title=Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind|date=December 1978|issue=3–4|pages=339–355|journal=[[Dialectica]]|volume=32|issn=0012-2017|doi=10.1111/j.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x|last=Popper|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Popper}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57024/1/WRAP_Sammut-Bonnici_httpwrap%20warwick%20ac%20uk57024%20%282%29.pdf|title=Darwinism, probability and complexity: Market-based organizational transformation and change explained through the theories of evolution|date=September 2002|issue=3|pages=291–315|journal=[[International Journal of Management Reviews]]|volume=4|issn=1460-8545|doi=10.1111/1468-2370.00088|last1=Sammut-Bonnici|first1=Tanya|last2=Wensley|first2=Robin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualissues0000unse|title=Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|edition=2nd|year=1994|isbn=978-0-262-69162-8|editor-first=Elliott|editor-last=Sober|oclc=28150417|editor-link=Elliott Sober|lccn=93008199}}
* {{cite book|title=Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-506933-4|oclc=228136567|last=Williams|first=George C.|author-link=George C. Williams (biologist)|lccn=91038938}}
'''Genel okuyucu kitlesi için'''
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/climbingmountimp0000dawk|title=Climbing Mount Improbable|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|edition=1st American|year=1996|isbn=978-0-393-03930-6|oclc=34633422|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Dawkins|url-access=registration|lccn=34633422}}
* {{cite book|title=Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|edition=1st|title-link=Ever Since Darwin|year=1977|isbn=978-0-393-06425-4|oclc=3090189|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|lccn=77022504}}
* {{cite book|title=Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated|location=New York|publisher=[[Random House]]|edition=1st|title-link=Almost Like a Whale|year=2000|isbn=978-0-375-50103-6|oclc=42690131|last=Jones|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Jones (biologist)|lccn=99053246}}
* {{cite journal|title=Adaptation|date=September 1978|issue=3|pages=212–230|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=239|issn=0036-8733|pmid=705323|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0978-212|last=Lewontin|first=Richard C.|author-link=Richard Lewontin|bibcode=1978SciAm.239c.212L}}
* {{cite book|title=What Evolution Is|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|series=Science Masters|year=2002|orig-year=Originally published 2001; New York: [[Basic Books]]|isbn=978-0-297-60741-0|oclc=248107061|last=Mayr|first=Ernst|author-link=Ernst Mayr|lccn=2001036562}}
* {{cite book|title=The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time|location=New York|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]]|edition=1st|title-link=The Beak of the Finch|year=1994|isbn=978-0-679-40003-5|oclc=29029572|last=Weiner|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Weiner|lccn=93036755}}
'''Tarihî'''
* {{cite book|title=A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-571-22392-3|oclc=57200626|last=Kohn|first=Marek|author-link=Marek Kohn|lccn=2005360890}}
* {{cite journal|title=Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'|date=25 April 1941|issue=1|pages=71–123|journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]|volume=84|issn=0003-049X|last=Zirkle|first=Conway|author-link=Conway Zirkle|jstor=984852}}
== Dış bağlantılar ==
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* [http://www.evrimteorisi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:dogal-secilim&catid=14:evrimteorisi&Itemid=108 Doğal Seçilim nedir?] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202014707/http://www.evrimteorisi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:dogal-secilim&catid=14:evrimteorisi&Itemid=108 |tarih=2 Şubat 2010 }}
* [http://www.evrimianlamak.org/e/Evrim101:Do%C4%9Fal_se%C3%A7ilim Evrimi anlamak sitesinden Doğal Seçilim üzerine bilgi] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801120840/http://www.evrimianlamak.org/e/Evrim101:Do%C4%9Fal_se%C3%A7ilim |tarih=1 Ağustos 2008 }}
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