İsrail: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

İsrail, sadece [[Umman]] ve [[Suudi Arabistan]]ın gerisinde olmak üzere [[GSYİH]]'sine oranla en yüksek savunma bütçesine sahip ülkedir<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database | title = SIPRI Military Expenditure Database | last1 = Fleurant | first1 = Dr Aude-Emmanuelle | last2 = Perlo-Freeman | first2 = Samuel | last3 = Kelly | first3 = Noel | date =27 Haziran 2014| website = Stockholm International Peace Research Institute | publisher = Stockholm International Peace Research Institute | accessdate =14 Ağustos 2014| arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160513023650/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database | arşivtarihi = 13 Mayıs 2016}}</ref>. İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri, İsrail özel kuvvetlerinin tek askeri kanadıdır ve Genelkurmay Başkanı kabinenin alt-yönetimi ile "Ramatkai"nin başıdır. İSK, kara, hava ve deniz kuvvetlerinden oluşur. [[1948 Arap-İsrail Savaşı]]nda ülkenin kurulmasından önce -Haganah önderliğinde- paramiliter grupların birleştirilmesi ile kuruldu<ref>{{citeDergi journalkaynağı|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/40s/1948/default.htm |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |accessdate=31 Temmuz 2007|title=History: 1948 |year=2007}}</ref> . İSK ayrıca Mossad ve Shabak ile çalışan Askeri Haberalma Yönetiminin (Aman) kaynaklarından yararlanır<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets |Henderson |2003 |p=97}}</ref>. Kısa tarihinde, birçok büyük savaş ve sınır çatışmaları olan İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri dünyanın en deneyimli ordusu olmuştur.<ref>{{citeDergi journalkaynağı |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/THE+STATE-+Israel+Defense+Forces+-IDF-.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF) |accessdate=9 Ağustos 2007|date=13 Mart 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/idf.htm | publisher = GlobalSecurity.org | title = Israel Defense Forces | accessdate =16 Eylül 2007| arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160415141906/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/idf.htm | arşivtarihi = 15 Nisan 2016}}</ref>

Çoğu İsrailli orduya 18 yaşında katılır. Erkekler 3 yıl ve kadınlar 2 ila 3 yıl hizmet eder<ref>{{citeDergi journalkaynağı|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/State/The%20Israel%20Defense%20Forces |title=The Israel Defense Forces |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=21 Ekim 2006}}</ref>. Zorunlu hizmetten sonra, İsrail erkekleri yedek kuvvetlere katılır ve genellikle kırklı yaşlarına dek senede birkaç hafta görev yaparlar. Çoğu kadın ise yedek görevden muaftır. İsrailin Arap vatandaşları ([[Dürzi]]ler dışında) ve tam zamanlı dini eğitim alanlar da askeri hizmetten muaftırlar; Yeshiva öğrencilerinin bu muafiyeti yıllarca tartışma konusu olmasına rağmen<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stendel|1997|pp=191–192}}</ref><ref>{{Haber kaynağı |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/cool-law-for-wrong-population-1.220687 |date=16 Mayıs 2007|accessdate=19 Mart 2012|title=Cool law, for wrong population |last=Shtrasler |first=Nehemia |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>. Çeşitli nedenlerle askeri hizmetten muaf olmak isteyenler için hastane, okul ve sosyal yardımlaşma hizmetlerini içeren Sherut Leumi veya ulusal servis bir alternatif oluşturur<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/army/585-sherut-leumi-national-service.html | publisher = Nefesh B'Nefesh | accessdate =20 Mart 2012| title = Sherut Leumi (National Service) | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20141108085521/http://www.nbn.org.il:80/aliyahpedia/army/585-sherut-leumi-national-service.html | arşivtarihi = 8 Kasım 2014}}</ref>. Zorunlu askerlik programının bir sonucu olarak, İSK yaklaşık 176.500 aktif asker ve ek olarak 445.00 yedek ile hizmet verir.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://cdn.www.inss.org.il.reblazecdn.net/upload/(FILE)1356331663.pdf | title = Israel | year = 2012 | work = Middle East Military Balance | publisher = Institute for National Security Studies | location = Tel Aviv | accessdate =25 Mart 2013| arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130606024315/http://cdn.www.inss.org.il.reblazecdn.net/upload/(FILE)1356331663.pdf | arşivtarihi = 6 Haziran 2013}}</ref>

[[Yom Kippur Savaşı]]ndan itibaren İsrail, [[Casus uydu]] iletişim ağı geliştirdi<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a04p.htm | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | title = Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence | last = Zorn | first = E. L. | date =8 Mayıs 2007| accessdate =19 Mart 2012| arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160416012211/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a04p.htm | arşivtarihi = 16 Nisan 2016}}</ref>. Ofeq programının sonucunda İsrail bu tür uyduları yerleştirebilen dünyanın yedi ülkesinden biri oldu.<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=64499 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |title=Analysis: Eyes in the sky |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |date=11 Haziran 2007|accessdate=20 Mart 2012}}</ref> Kuruluşundan beri İsrail GSYİH'nin önemli miktarını savunmaya harcadı.<ref>{{citeDergi journalkaynağı |url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/pubs/20010130ib.html |publisher=The Jerusalem Fund |title=Israel's Defense Budget: The Business Side of War |last=Seitz |first=Charmaine |accessdate=16 Eylül 2007|date=30 Ocak 2001}} (first appeared in Information Brief No. 64)</ref> Örnek olarak 1984'te bu miktar [[GSYİH]]'nin %24'ydü. 2006'da ise %7,3'e düştü.<ref name="cia"/>

İsrail devletinin resmi dini yoktur<ref>{{Kitap kaynağı | title=Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel |last=Charbit |first=Denis | editor1-last=Berlinerblau | editor1-first=Jacques | editor2-last=Fainberg | editor2-first=Sarah | editor3-last=Nou | editor3-first=Aurora | chapter=Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location=New York |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-38115-6 | pages=167–169 |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=gThvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |quote=The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters.&nbsp;... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.}}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı | title=The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion |last=Sharot |first=Stephen | editor1-last=Beckford | editor1-first=James A. | editor2-last=Demerath | editor2-first=Jay | chapter=Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict | publisher=Sage Publications | location=London and Thousand Oaks, California |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4129-1195-5 | pages=671–672 |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=vA8edg7bv0kC&pg=PA671 |quote=It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.}}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı | title=Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel |last=Jacoby |first=Tami Amanda | publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press | location=Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario |year=2005 |isbn=9780773529939 | pages=53–54|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pr1LJNrlmuIC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false |quote=Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, ''Mesorati'' (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building.&nbsp;... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments.&nbsp;... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.}}</ref> ancak devletin tanımında "Yahudi ve demokratik" yer alır. Bu durum Yahudilik inancı ile güçlü bir bağlantı oluşturur, aynı zamanda devlet hukuku ile dini hukuk arasında bir çatışma yaratır. Siyasi partiler, büyük ölçüde İngiliz Mandası döneminde var olduğu gibi din ve devlet arasındaki dengeyi korur<ref>{{citeDergi journalkaynağı |last=Englard|first=Izhak|date=Winter 1987|title=Law and Religion in Israel|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/840166?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|publisher= American Society of Comparative Law|volume=35|issue=1|pages=185–208|doi= |access-date=12 Haziran 2015|quote="The great political and ideological importance of religion in the state of Israel manifests itself in the manifold legal provisions concerned with religions phenomenon.&nbsp;... It is not a system of separation between state and religion as practiced in the U.S.A and several other countries of the world. In Israel a number of religious bodies exercise official functions; the religious law is applied in limited areas"}}</ref>.