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42. satır:
*{{flagcountry|Croatia}} except [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]] (occasionally the entire country)
*[[Transylvania]] and [[Bukovina]] regions of {{flagcountry|Romania}} (occasionally the entire country)
*[[Vojvodina]]<ref>http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=174&Itemid=83</ref> region of {{flagcountry|Serbia}} (occasionally also the [[
*[[Zakarpattia Oblast]] and [[Galicia (East-Central Europe)|Galicia]] regions of {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
*[[Kaliningrad Oblast]] region of {{flagcountry|Russia}}
54. satır:
Main propositions, gathered by [[Jerzy Kłoczowski]], include:<ref>[[Jerzy Kłoczowski]], Actualité des grandes traditions de la cohabitation et du dialogue des cultures en Europe du Centre-Est, in: L'héritage historique de la Res Publica de Plusieurs Nations, Lublin 2004, pp. 29–30</ref>
* West-Central and [[East-Central Europe]] – this conception, presented in 1950,<ref>[[Oskar Halecki]], The Limits and Divisions of European History, Sheed & Ward: London and New York 1950, chapter VII</ref> distinguished two regions in Central Europe: German West-Centre, with imperial tradition of the ''[[Reich]]'', and the East-Centre covered by variety of nations ''from [[Finland]] to [[Yunanistan]]'', placed between great empires of [[Scandinavia]], [[Almanya]], [[İtalya]] and the [[
* Central Europe as a region connected to the [[western world|Western civilisation]] for a very long time, including the German-speaking countries (the [[German Empire]] and the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]), the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Bohemia]] and the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Central Europe understood in this way borders on [[Rusya]] and the [[South-Eastern Europe]], but the exact frontier of the region is difficult to determine.
* Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the [[Habsburg Empire]] – a concept which is popular in the region of [[Danube River]]
* East-Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] – [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]], [[Belarus]]ian and [[Lithuania]]n historians, in cooperation (since 1990) with [[Polonya|Polish]] historians, insist on the importance of the notion
* A concept underlining the links connecting [[Ukraine]] and [[
* A concept putting an accent on the links with the West, especially from the 19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states – this idea is represented by in the [[South-Eastern Europe|South-Eastern]] states, which prefer the enlarged concept of the “East Centre” expressing their links with the [[Western culture]]
69. satır:
* Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref> [[Macaristan]] and [[Polonya]], small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early histories.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4"/> The historical [[Kingdom of Hungary]] was until 1918 three times larger than Hungary is today<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref>, while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the sixteenth century.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4"/> Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref>
* as a mode of self-perception, despite the debated nature of the concept Central Europeans generally agree on which peoples are to be excluded from this club: for example [[Serbs]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Romanians]] and [[Russians]].<ref name="Johnson, p. 6">Johnson, p. 6</ref>
He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamical historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example, [[Lithuania]], a fair share of [[
Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/52992/robert-legvold/central-europe-enemies-neighbors-friends|başlık=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends|son=Legvold|ilk=Robert|tarih=Mayıs/Haziran 1997|iş=Foreign Affairs|yayımcı=Council on Foreign Relations|erişimtarihi=20.05.2009}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/?view=usa&ci=9780195148251&view=usa | başlık = Selected as "Editor's Choice" of the History Book Club | erişimtarihi = 20.05.2009 | iş = [[Oxford University Press]] | arşivengelli = evet}}</ref> in the scientific community.
141. satır:
The [[German language|German]] term ''[[Mitteleuropa]]'' (or alternatively its literal translation into English, ''Middle Europe''<ref name="Johnson, p. 165">Johnson, p. 165</ref>) is an ambiguous German concept.<ref name="Johnson, p. 165"/> It is sometimes used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of 'Central Europe'; it refers to territories under German(ic) cultural hegemony until World War I (encompassing Austria–Hungary and Germany in their [[antebellum]] formations. According to [[Fritz Fischer]] ''Mitteleuropa'' was a scheme in the era of the [[German Empire|Reich of 1871-1918]] by which the old imperial elites had allegedly sought to build a system of German economic, military and political domination from the northern seas to the Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus.<ref>Hayes, p. 16</ref> Professor Fritz Epstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergence of a ''Mitteleuropa'' ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being.<ref>Hayes, p. 17</ref>
In Germany the connotation is also heavily linked to the pre-war German provinces east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]] which were lost as the result of the World War II, annexed by [[People's Republic of Poland]] and the [[
The term Mitteleuropa conjures up negative historical associations, although the Germans have not played an exclusively negative role in the region.<ref name="Johnson, p. 6"/> Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German humanistic culture of the 19th century.<ref name="Johnson, p. 7">Johnson, p. 7</ref> German-speaking Jews from [[turn-of-the-century]] [[Viyana]], [[Budapeşte]] and [[Prag]] became representatives of what many consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi version of "Mitteleuropa" destroyed this kind of culture.<ref name="Johnson, p. 7"/> Some German speakers are sensitive enough to the pejorative connotations of the term ''Mitteleuropa'' to use ''Zentraleuropa'' instead.<ref name="Johnson, p. 165"/> [[Adolf Hitler]] was obsessed by the idea of [[Lebensraum]] and many non-German Central Europeans identify ''Mitteleuropa'' with the instruments he employed to acquire it: war, deportations, genocide.<ref>Johnson, p. 170</ref>
157. satır:
[[Dosya:Carpathian Basin-Pannonian Basin.jpg|thumbnail|sol|[[Pannonia]] Ovası, [[Alpler]] (Batında), [[Karpatlar]] (Kuzey ve Doğunda) ve [[Sava]]/[[Danube]] (Güneyinde) arasında]]
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Geographically speaking, [[Carpathian mountains]] divide the [[European Plain]] in two sections: the Central Europe's [[Pannonian Plain]] in the west,<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.christinefeehan.com/dark_series/research.php | başlık = Dark Series Research by Christine Feehan | erişimtarihi = | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160815021105/http://www.christinefeehan.com/dark_series/research.php | arşivtarihi = 15 Ağustos 2016}}</ref> and the [[East European Plain]], which lie eastward of the Carpathians. Southwards, the [[Pannonian Plain]] is bounded by the rivers [[Sava]] and [[Danube]]- and their respective floodplains.<ref>www.icpdr.org/icpdr-files/14017</ref> This area mostly corresponds to the borders of the former [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]. The [[Pannonian Plain]] extends into the following countries: [[Avusturya]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Macaristan]], [[Romania]], [[
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175. satır:
== Ayrıca bakınız ==
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