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'''Papa V. Martin''' (d. yaklaşık 1368 – ö. 20 Şubat 1431), 1417'den 1431'e kadar Papalık yapmıştır. Seçilmesi 1378 ile 1417 yılları arasında yaşanan [[Büyük Schisma|Katolik Bölünmesi]]ni sona erdirmiştir.
==LifeHayatı==
[[Roma]]'nın en eski ve en seçkin ailelerden birine mensuptur. Kardeşi Giordano, [[Salerno]] prensi ve Venosa dükü olmuştur, kızkadeşi 1441 ile 1445 yılları arasında Piombino prensliği yapmıştır.
The son of Agapito [[Colonna family|Colonna]] and Caterina Conti, he belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of [[Rome]]. His brother Giordano became Prince of [[Salerno]] and Duke of Venosa, while his sister [[Paola Colonna|Paola]] was shortly [[prince of Piombino|lady of Piombino]] in 1441–45.
Papa [[XI.Gregory]]'den sonraki papa seçimleri, Fransızlarla İtalyanlar arasında çekişmeye yol açtı. Fransızlar kendilerinden bir papa seçip kilise merkezini yeniden Fransa'ya taşımak istiyordu. İtalyanların güçlü bir adayı yoktu, ancak ne pahasına olursa olsun paplığı Roma dışına kaptırmamaya kararlıydılar. Diğer Avrupalıların da Fransa'ya düşmanlık gütmesi üzerine, İtalyanların öne sürdüğü silik bir aday seçimi kazandı ve [[VI. Urban]] adıyla papa oldu. Ancak VI. Urban papalık vasıfları taşımayan bir adamdı, kaba ve bencil tavırları yüzünden kardinallerin desteğini kaybetti. Sonunda Fransızlar Urban'ın papalığını kabul etmediklerini açıkladılar ve kendi kendilerine bir papa seçtiler. [[VII. Clement]] adını alan yeni papa Avignon'a yerleşti. Aynı anda, biri Roma'da ve diğeri Avignon'da olmak üzere iki tane papa ortaya çıkmış oldu. Fransa'nın uydusu olan devletler ve İngiltere'nin düşmanı İskoçya dışında Avignon'daki papayı destekleyen çıkmadı. Devam etmekte olan [[Yüzyıl Savaşları]]'nın etkisiyle İngiltere, Almanya gibi büyük güçler Roma adayından yanaydı. Bölünmeye son vermek için 1409'da Pisa'da bir konsül toplandı ve kardinaller, her iki papayı da reddedip bir üçüncüsü üzerinde uzlaştı. Ancak mevcut iki papa, bu üçüncü papayı (V. Alexander) reddedince meydanda üç tane papa kalmış oldu. Konsül krizi çözmek yerine daha da karmaşıklaştırmıştı. Yoğun müzakereler sonucu [[Constance Konsili]], tek bir papada mutabık kaldı ve [[V. Martin]]'i 1417 yılının 11 Kasım günü papa olark seçti. O gün aynı zamanda St. Martin günüydü. Aragon bu kararı onaylamadıysa da Katolik dünyasında büyük çapta uzlaşma sağlandığı için bölünme sona erdi.
He became [[apostolic protonotary]] under [[Pope Urban VI]] (1378–89), was created [[Cardinal Deacon]] by [[Pope Innocent VII]] (1404–06), and in 1410 was the delegate of [[antipope Alexander V]] (1409–10) to hear the appeal which had been taken in that year to the [[Papacy]] by [[Jan Hus]]. In 1390 he was elected [[bishop of Urbino]], but resigned in 1409 before receiving episcopal consecration. He served also as archpriest of the [[Lateran Basilica]] from 1412.
[[Image:Habemus Papam 1415.jpg|thumb|left|250px| PopePapa Martin' sin electionseçimi.]] ▼
He was elected pope on [[St. Martin's Day]] (November 11), 1417, at the [[Council of Constance]] by a conclave consisting of twenty-three [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s and thirty delegates of the council, which after deposing [[antipope John XXIII]] (1410–15), had been for long divided by the conflicting discourses of [[Pope Gregory XII]] (1406–15) and [[antipope Benedict XIII]] (1394–1423).
Martin V was widely esteemed for moderation, learning, uprightness, and business ability, but he is not seen as a reforming Pope. His first act after his election was to publish a brief confirming all the regulations made by his predecessors regarding the papal [[Apostolic Chancery|chancery]], regulations which had long been the subject of complaint. When the "nations" of the council pressed their plans for reform, Martin V submitted a counter scheme, and ultimately entered into negotiations for separate [[concordat]]s, for the most part vague and illusory, with the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[England]], and [[France]].
With issuing the [[Papal Bull]] to exterminate [[Hussites]], [[Wycliffites]], and other heretics in Bohemia on March 1,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07585a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref> 1420, Martin V initiated the [[Hussite Wars]].
▲[[Image:Habemus Papam 1415.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pope Martin's election.]]
He left [[Konstanz|Constance]] at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy, lingered at [[Florence, Italy|Florence]], and did not venture to enter Rome until September 1420, when his first task was to seek to restore it to the prosperity and order to which it had become a stranger.
In that period, in 1418, a famous synod convoked by the [[Jews]] in [[Forlì]], sent a deputation with costly gifts to the new pope, Martin V, praying him to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by antipope [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] and to grant the Jews those privileges which had been accorded them under previous popes. The deputation succeeded in its mission.
Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. To avoid this, annuities were paid, interest in effect but not in name. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful.<ref>Lumley's Treatise upon the Law of Annuities and Rent Charges, 1st ed, 1833</ref><ref>Affirmed by [[Pope Calixtus III]], preserved 25 ATR 388 in the Corp Jur Canon Extra III tit 5.</ref> When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens.
In accordance with the decree of Constance, confirmed by himself, ordering that councils should be held every five years, in 1423 Martin V summoned the council which met at [[Pavia]] and afterwards at [[Siena]] (the ''[[Council of Siena]]'')—it was rather poorly attended, which gave the pope a pretext for dissolving it as soon as it had come to the resolution that "''internal church union by reform ought to take precedence over external union''". It was [[prorogued]] for seven years, and then met at [[Basel]] (the ''[[Council of Basel]]''); shortly after its opening Martin V died of [[apoplexy]]. He is buried in the confession of St. John Lateran's, the Pope's cathedral, in Rome.
==Note on numbering==
When the second Pope to take the name Martin was elected, there was confusion over how many Popes had taken the name before. It was believed then that there were three, so the second Pope named Martin was called ''[[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]''. Therefore, the third Pope named Martin was called V. But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were called [[Pope Marinus I|Marinus I]] and [[Pope Marinus II|Marinus II]], although they are sometimes still known as ''Martin II'' and ''Martin III''. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. Popes Martin IV–V are really the second and third popes by that name.
== Pope Martin V and slavery ==
Slavery was commonplace in this era and was accepted by "almost everyone" with few arguing against it.<ref>"The Papacy and the Levant", p. 46</ref> During the 15th century, sentiment in Europe increasingly turned against the enslavement of Christians and the Church denounced such practices, but this did not extend to unbelievers. According to Burton (2007) Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 and this coupled with a later bull (1441) sanctioned the Portuguese trade in African slaves.<ref>Burton, p. 197</ref> In March 1425 a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any Christian slave dealers and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians.<ref>"The problem of slavery in Western culture, P. 100"</ref> In June 1425 Martin anathematized those who sold Christian slaves to Muslims.<ref>"The Papacy and the Levant", p. 46</ref> Traffic in Christian slaves was not banned, purely the sale to non-Christian owners.<ref>"''Slavery and the Catholic Church"'', John Francis Maxwell, p. 49, Barry Rose Publishers, 1975</ref>The papal bull of excommunication issued to the Genoese merchants of Caffa related to the buying and selling of Christians but has been considered ineffectual as prior injunctions against the Viennese, including the Laws of Gazaria, made allowances for the sale of both Christian and Muslim slaves.<ref>"The African Slave Trade", p. 41, Basil Davidson, James Currey Publishers, 1961, ISBN 0852557981</ref> Ten black African slaves were presented to Martin in 1441 by [[Prince Henry of Portugal]].<ref>C. E. Semmes citing V.B Thompson 1987</ref> Martin supported colonial expansion.<ref>"A history of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990", p. 144</ref> Davidson (1961) argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself but rather it was driven through fear of "infidel power".<ref>Davidson 1961, P. 100 fn 8</ref>
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