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{{Infobox football match
| ad = GRB 970228
| title = 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification<br/>{{small|(Oceanian zone ([[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]]))}}<br/>Group 1
| resim = [[File:GRB 970228.jpg|200px]]
| image =
| altyazı = [[Hubble Uzay Teleskobu]]'ndan GRB 970228
| event =
| tespit zamanı = 02:58 ([[UTC]])<br>28 Şubat 1997
| team1 = [[Australia national football team|Australia]]
| tespit eden = [[BeppoSAX]]
| team1association = {{flagicon|AUS|size=30px}}
| süre = 80 saniye
| team1score = 31
| sa = {{SağA|05|01|46.7}}
| team2 = [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]]
| da = {{DA|+11|46|53.0}}<ref name="Groot"/>
| team2association = {{flagicon|ASA|size=30px}}
| kk = 0.695<ref name="Bloom"/> (ev sahibi galaksi)
| team2score = 0
| uzaklık ıy = 8.123{{e|9}}&nbsp;[[ışık yılı]]s<ref name=nwjcc/>
| details =
| gala =
| date = April 11, 2001
| takımyıldız =[[Orion (takımyıldız)|Orion]]
| stadium = [[BCU International Stadium|International Sports Stadium]]
| kadir =
| city = [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales|Coffs Harbour]], [[Australia]]
| enerji = 5.2{{e|44}} [[Joule|J]]
| referee = Ronan Leaustic ([[Fédération Tahitienne de Football|Tahiti]])
| attendance = 3,000
| weather =
}}
On April 11, 2001, the [[Australia national football team|Australian]] and [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] [[List of men's national association football teams|national football teams]] faced each other in a [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification|qualifying match]] for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]. The match was played at the [[BCU International Stadium|International Sports Stadium]] in [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales|Coffs Harbour]], [[Australia]]. Australia set a [[world record]] for the largest victory in an international [[Association football|football match]], winning the game 31&ndash;0. Australia's [[Archie Thompson]] also broke the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals in the match.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3003021/Australia-score-31-without-loss-in-record-win.html |title=Australia score 31 without loss in record win |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | location=London | first=Christopher | last=Davies}}</ref> In addition, [[David Zdrilic]], the scorer of eight goals in the match, achieved the second highest amount of goals in an international match since [[World War I]].
 
The outcome of the match led to debates about the format of qualification tournaments, with the Australian coach and Thompson feeling that preliminary rounds should be introduced to avoid such unbalanced matches, views shared by the international footballing body [[FIFA]]. It eventually led to an introduction of a preliminary round in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|Oceanian zone qualification]] for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].
'''GRB 970228'''<ref name="nomenclature">"GRB" indicates that the event was a gamma-ray burst, and the numbers follow a YYMMDD format corresponding to the date on which the burst occurred: February 28, 1997</ref> 28 Şubat 1997 günü saat 02:58'de ([[UTC]]) tespit edilmiş bir [[gama-ışın patlaması]]dır. A gamma-ray burst is a highly [[luminosity|luminous]] flash of [[gamma ray]]s, the most energetic form of [[electromagnetic radiation]]. Since 1993, physicists had predicted these bursts to be followed by a longer-lived [[Afterglow (gamma-ray burst)|afterglow]] at longer wavelengths, such as [[radio waves]], [[x-rays]], and even [[visible light]]. Until this event, GRBs had only been observed at gamma wavelengths. This was the first burst for which an afterglow was observed.<ref>[[#Schilling|Schilling 2002]], p. 101</ref>
 
==Background==
The burst had multiple peaks in its [[light curve]] and lasted approximately 80&nbsp;seconds. Peculiarities in the light curve of GRB 970228 suggested that a [[supernova]] may have occurred as well. The position of the burst coincided with a galaxy at a [[redshift]] of z&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.695, providing early evidence that GRBs occur well beyond the [[Milky Way]].
{{see|2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)}}
Since 1986, the International Federation of Association Football ([[FIFA]]) organized a separate [[FIFA World Cup qualification|qualification rounds]] for the [[Oceania Football Confederation|Oceanian zone]]. Previously, Oceanian teams entered a joint qualification rounds with the teams from [[Asian Football Confederation|Asian zone]]. In 2002, ten teams entered the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|World Cup qualification rounds for Oceanian zone]]. The ten teams were divided into two groups of five teams, where each teams played against each other once. The two group winners would advance to the final round and played against each other on home and away format. The winner of the Oceanian Zone would advance to the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification#CONMEBOL / OFC Intercontinental Play-off|intercontinental play-off round]] against the fifth best team in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|South American zone]] for a place in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]. [[Australia national association football team|Australia]] and [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] were placed into Group 1 along with [[Fiji national football team|Fiji]], [[Samoa national football team|Samoa]] and [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]] with the matches scheduled to be played at [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales|Coffs Harbour]], [[Australia]] during April 2001.<ref name=FIFA>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3863/index.html |title=2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan Preliminaries; Results, Oceanian Zone |date= |accessdate= August 5, 2009 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association }}</ref>
 
Australia, along with [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]], were widely recognized as the strongest teams in the Oceanian zone. They were the only teams to have won the [[OFC Nations Cup]], and the only ones to qualify for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]: Australia did it in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] and New Zealand in [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]. American Samoa, on the other hand, was one of the weakest teams in the world, having lost all of their official international matches since they joined FIFA in 1998. Prior to the match, Australia was ranked 75th in the [[FIFA World Rankings]], while American Samoa was ranked 203rd, the lowest of all [[List of men's national association football teams#Current FIFA affiliates|FIFA members]].<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2001/apr/11/newsstory.sport9 |title=Aussie Rules as Socceroos smash world record again |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited | location=London | first=Dan | last=Rookwood}}</ref>
== Observations ==
A gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a highly [[luminosity|luminous]] flash of [[gamma ray]]s, the most energetic form of [[electromagnetic radiation]]. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the [[Vela satellites]], a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions in space.<ref>[[#Schilling|Schilling 2002]], pp. 12&ndash;16</ref>
 
Two days before the match, Australia recorded a 22–0 win over Tonga, breaking the previous record for the largest win in an international match, held by [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] who won 20–0 against [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]] in 2000.<ref name=Kuwait>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/exposed-tonga-lose-220-680944.html |title='Exposed' Tonga lose 22-0 |date=April 10, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=The Independent |publisher=Independent News and Media Limited | location=London | first=Nick | last=Harris}}</ref> On the other hand, American Samoa suffered two losses prior to the match, a 13–0 loss to Fiji and a 8–0 loss to Samoa.<ref name=FIFA/>
GRB 970228<ref name="nomenclature"/> was detected on February 28, 1997 at 02:58 [[UTC]] by the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GRBM) and one of the Wide Field Cameras (WFCs) on board [[BeppoSAX]],<ref>[[#Varendoff|Varendoff 2001]], p. 381</ref><ref name="CostaJournal">[[#CostaJournal|Costa 1997b]]</ref> an Italian&ndash;Dutch satellite originally designed to study X-rays.<ref>[[#Schilling|Schilling 2002]], pp. 58&ndash;60</ref> Within a few hours, the BeppoSAX team determined the burst's position with an error box—a small area around the specific position to account for the [[Measurement uncertainty|error]] in the position—of 3&nbsp;[[arcminute]]s.<ref name="CostaJournal"/> The burst was also detected by the [[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]] space probe.<ref>[[#Hurley|Hurley 1997]]</ref>
 
==Match summary==
The burst was located at a [[right ascension]] of {{RA|05|01|46.7}} and a [[declination]] of {{DEC|+11|46|53.0}}.<ref name="Groot"/> It lasted around 80&nbsp;seconds and had multiple peaks in its light curve.<ref>[[#CostaCirc|Costa 1997a]]</ref> Gamma-ray bursts have very diverse time profiles, and it is not fully understood why some bursts have multiple peaks and some have only one. One possible explanation is that multiple peaks are formed when the source of the gamma-ray burst undergoes [[precession]].<ref>[[#Zwart|Zwart 2001]]</ref>
[[File:Archie Thompson.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Australia's [[Archie Thompson]] scored 13 goals in the match.]]
[[Australia national association football team|Australia]] fielded a team filled with several rarely-used players as many regulars were either rested or omitted from the team. [[Forward (association football)|Strikers]] [[John Aloisi]] and [[Damian Mori]] who combined for 10 goals in the 22–0 win over [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]] were also omitted for this match.
The [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] team were troubled by passport issues, with only one member of their original 20-man senior team, [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] [[Nicky Salapu]], eligible to play. American Samoa were also unable to call their under-20 players because most of them were involved in high school exams at the time. Therefore, they were forced to draft in their youth players, including three 15-year-old players, to put together a makeshift team with an average age of 18.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3003225/FIFA-ruling-which-left-Samoans-singing-the-blues.html |title=FIFA ruling which left Samoans singing the blues |date=April 14, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | location=London | first=Mark | last=Jeffreys}}</ref>
 
American Samoa held Australia scoreless for the first ten minutes of play until [[Con Boutsianis]] scored Australia's first goal from a corner kick. [[Archie Thompson]] scored his first goal in the 12th minute, while his strike partner, [[David Zdrilic]], added his first goal a minute later. [[Tony Popovic]] added two successive goals in the 17th and 19th minute to extend Australia's lead into 6–0. In the 25th minute, Zdrilic achieved a [[hat-trick]], making the score 9-0 for Australia. Thompson then scored 6 of the next 7 goals as Australia led 16–0 at the half. Thompson led Australia in scoring with 8 goals at halftime, with Zdrilic trailing with 4 goals.<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/archive/worldcup/news/2001/0411/20010411australiawr.html |title=Australia smash two world records |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=ESPN.com Soccernet |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures }}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2002/1271854.stm |title=Aussie footballers smash world record |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref>
== Afterglows ==
In 1993, [[Bohdan Paczyński]] and James E. Rhoads published an article arguing that, regardless of the type of explosion that causes GRBs, the extreme energetics of GRBs meant that matter from the host body must be ejected at [[relativistic speed]]s during the explosion. They predicted that the interaction between the ejecta and [[interstellar matter]] would create a [[shock front]]. Should this shock front occur in a magnetic field, accelerated electrons in it would emit long-lasting [[synchrotron radiation]] in the [[radio frequencies]], a phenomenon that would later be referred to as a radio afterglow.<ref>[[#Pac|Paczyński 1993]]</ref> Jonathan Katz later concluded that this lower-energy emission would not be limited to radio waves, but should range in frequency from radio waves to [[x-ray]]s, including [[visible light]].<ref>[[#Katz|Katz 1994]]</ref>
 
Boutsianis, who scored the first goal of the first half, scored the first goal of the second half in the 50th minute. Boutsianis later added another goal to complete his hat-trick. Thompson and Zdrilic added 5 and 4 goals to finish with 13 and 8 goals respectively. Boutsianis finished with 3 goals, while Popovic, [[Aurelio Vidmar]] and [[Simon Colosimo]] scored 2 goals each, and substitute [[Fausto De Amicis]] scored one goal.<ref name=ESPN/><ref name=BBC/> In the 86th minute, despite being down by 29 goals, American Samoa managed to launch an attack towards Australia's goal when Pati Feagiai had a shot, which was saved by [[Michael Petkovic]]. That shot was American Samoa's first and only shot on Australia's goal.<ref name=CBC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/04/11/fifa010411.html |title=Australians set World Cup soccer scoring record |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=CBCSports.ca |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref>
The Narrow Field Instruments on board BeppoSAX began making observations of the GRB 970228's position within eight hours of its detection.<ref>[[#CostaCirc|Costa 1997a]]</ref> A transient x-ray source was detected which faded with a [[power-law]] slope in the days following the burst. This x-ray [[Afterglow (gamma-ray burst)|afterglow]] was the first GRB afterglow ever detected.<ref name="CostaJournal"/> Power-law decays have since been recognized as a common feature in GRB afterglows, although most afterglows decay at differing rates during different phases of their lifetimes.<ref>[[#Panaitescu|Panaitescu 2007]], §2</ref>
 
The large amount of goals created a confusion over the correct scoreline. At the end of the match, the scoreboard at the stadium showed a 32–0 and Thompson was credited with 14 goals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/12/sports/plus-soccer-was-it-31-0-or-32-0-australia-wins.html?n=Top/News/U.S./U.S.%20States,%20Territories%20and%20Possessions/American%20Samoa |title=Was It 31-0 or 32-0?; Australia Wins |date=April 12, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company }}</ref> Only after the statistician did a recount, the 31–0 scoreline was announced, and Thompson's total goals count was reduced to 13.<ref name=ESPN/> After the match, [[FIFA]] went on to release the official statistics after receiving the official report from the referee and match officials, which confirm the 31–0 scoreline and Thompson's 13 goals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3863/matches/match=22243/report.html |title=Match Report: Australia - American Samoa |date= |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association }}</ref>
Optical images were taken of GRB 970228's position on March 1 and March 8 using the [[William Herschel Telescope]] and the [[Isaac Newton Telescope]]. Comparison of the images revealed an object which had decreased in luminosity in both [[visible light]] and [[infrared light]].<ref name="Groot">[[#GrootCirc|Groot 1997]]</ref> This was the burst's optical afterglow. The predicted radio afterglow was never observed for this burst.<ref name="Bloom"/> At the time of this burst's discovery, GRBs were believed to emit radiation [[isotropic]]ally. The afterglows from this burst and several others—such as [[GRB 970508]] and [[GRB 971214]]—provided early evidence that GRBs emit radiation in [[collimated]] jets, a characteristic which lowers the total energy output of a burst by several [[orders of magnitude]].<ref>[[#Huang|Huang 2002]]</ref>
 
==Match details==
== Supernova relation ==
{{footballbox
[[Image:Gamma ray burst.jpg|thumb|right|Artist's illustration showing the life of a [[star#Massive stars|massive star]] as it goes supernova, collapses into a black hole, and emits a gamma-ray burst along its axis of rotation ''Credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller/NSF''|alt=From top left to right, a blue sphere grows larger and gains more layers. At far right, the sphere explodes. From bottom right to left, the exploded sphere flattens out to a swirling disk with two bright beams of light coming out of the axis of rotation.]]
|date=April 11, 2001
[[Daniel Reichart]] of the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Titus Galama]] of the [[University of Amsterdam]] independently analyzed GRB 970228's optical light curve, both concluding that the host object may have undergone a [[supernova]] explosion several weeks before the gamma-ray burst occurred.<ref>[[#Schilling|Schilling 2002]], p. 173</ref><ref name="Reichart99">[[#Reichart99|Reichart 1999]]</ref>
|time=19:00 [[UTC+10]]
 
|team1={{fb-rt|AUS}}
Galama analyzed the light curve of the burst and found that its luminosity decayed at different rates at different times. The luminosity decayed more slowly between March 6 and April 7 than it did before and after these dates. Galama concluded that the earlier light curve had been dominated by the burst itself, whereas the later light curve was produced by the underlying [[Type Ic supernova]].<ref>[[#Galama|Galama 2000]]</ref> Reichart noted that the late afterglow was [[spectrum|redder]] than the early afterglow, an observation which conflicted with the then-preferred relativistic fireball model for the gamma-ray burst emission mechanism. He also observed that the only GRB with a similar temporal profile was [[GRB 980326]],<ref name="Reichart99"/> for which a supernova relation had already been proposed by [[Joshua Bloom]].<ref>[[#Bloom99|Bloom 1999]]</ref>
|score=31 &ndash; 0
 
|report=[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3863/matches/match=22243/report.html Report]
An alternative explanation for the light curves of GRB 970228 and GRB 980326 was the concept of ''[[light echo|dust echoes]]''. Although GRB 980236 did not provide enough information to definitively rule out this explanation, Reichart showed that the light curve of GRB 970228 could only have been caused by a supernova.<ref>[[#Reichart01|Reichart 2001]]</ref> Definitive evidence linking gamma-ray bursts and supernovae was eventually found in the spectrum of [[GRB 020813]]<ref>[[#Butler|Butler 2003]]</ref> and the afterglow of [[GRB 030329]].<ref>[[#Stanek|Stanek 2003]]</ref> However, supernova-like features only become apparent in the weeks following a burst, leaving the possibility that very early luminosity variations could be explained by dust echoes.<ref>[[#Moran|Moran 2005]]</ref>
|team2={{fb-rt|ASA}}
 
|goals1=[[Con Boutsianis|Boutsianis]] {{goal|10||50||84}}<br>[[Archie Thompson|Thompson]] {{goal|12||23||27||29||32}}<br>{{goal|37||42||45||56||60}}<br>{{goal|65||85||88}}<br>[[David Zdrilic|Zdrilic]] {{goal|13||21||25||33||58}}<br>{{goal|66||78||89}}<br>[[Aurelio Vidmar|A. Vidmar]] {{goal|14||80}}<br>[[Tony Popovic|Popovic]] {{goal|17||19}}<br>[[Simon Colosimo|Colosimo]] {{goal|51||81}}<br>[[Fausto De Amicis|De Amicis]] {{goal|55}}
== Host galaxy ==
|goals2=
During the night between March 12 and 13, [[Jorge Melnick]] made observations of the region with the [[New Technology Telescope]]. He discovered a faint [[nebula]]r patch at the burst's position, almost certainly a distant galaxy. Although there was a remote chance that the burst and this galaxy were unrelated, their positional coincidence provided strong evidence that GRBs occur in distant galaxies rather than within the [[Milky Way]].<ref>[[#Schilling|Schilling 2002]], p. 102</ref> This conclusion was later supported by observations of [[GRB 970508]], the first burst to have its [[redshift]] determined.<ref>[[#Reichart98|Reichart 1998]]</ref>
|stadium=[[BCU International Stadium|International Sports Stadium]], [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales|Coffs Harbour]]
 
|attendance=3,000
The position of the burst's afterglow was measurably offset from the [[centroid]] of the host galaxy, effectively ruling out the possibility that the burst originated in an [[active galactic nucleus]]. The redshift of the galaxy was later determined to be z&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.695,<ref name="Bloom">[[#Bloom|Bloom 2001]]</ref> which corresponds to a distance of approximately 8.123{{e|9}}&nbsp;[[lightyear]]s.<ref name=nwjcc>[[Comoving distance]] calculated using the following online conversion system:<br>{{cite web | first=Edward L. | last=Wright | date=9 May 2008 | title=Ned Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator | publisher=UCLA Division of Astronomy & Astrophysics | url=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html | accessdate=2010-06-11 }}</ref> At this distance, the burst would have released a total of 5.2{{e|44}}&nbsp;[[Joule|J]] assuming [[isotropic]] emission.<ref>[[#Djorgovski|Djorgovski 1999]]</ref>
|referee=[[Ronan Leaustic]] ([[Fédération Tahitienne de Football|Tahiti]])
 
}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
 
* {{cite journal | author = Bloom, J. S. ''et al''. | title = The redshift and the ordinary host galaxy of GRB 970228 | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 554 | year = 2001 | pages = 678–683 | url = http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0007244v1 | doi = 10.1086/321398 | ref = Bloom}}
 
* {{cite journal | author = Bloom, J. S. ''et al''. | title = The unusual afterglow of the γ-ray burst of 26 March 1998 as evidence for a supernova connection | journal = Nature | volume = 401 | pages = 453–456 | doi = 10.1038/46744 | date = 30 September 1999 | accessdate = 19 August 2009 |id={{arxiv|astro-ph|9905301}} | ref = Bloom99}}
 
* {{cite journal | title = The X-ray Afterglows of GRB 020813 and GRB 021004 with Chandra HETGS: Possible Evidence for a Supernova prior to GRB 020813 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 597 | pages = 1010–1016 | date = 10 November 2003 | author = Butler, Nathaniel R. ''et al''. | url = http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/597/2/1010/pdf/0004-637X_597_2_1010.pdf | ref = Butler | doi = 10.1086/378511}}
 
* <cite id = CostaCirc>Costa, E. ''et al''. (1997a) "[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06500/06572.html IAU Circular 6572: GRB 970228; 1997aa]". ''International Astronomical Union''. Retrieved on 16 April 2009.</cite>
* {{cite journal | author = Costa, E. ''et al''. | title = Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the γ-ray burst of 28 February 1997 | journal = Nature | volume = 387 | pages = 783–785 | date = 1997b | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6635/full/387783a0.html | accessdate = 2 April 2009 | doi = 10.1038/42885 | ref = CostaJournal}}
 
* {{cite journal | title = GRB 970228: Redshift and properties of the host galaxy | author = Djorgovski, George | journal = GCN Circulars | volume = 289 | date = 3 May 1999 | url =http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/289.gcn3 | ref = Djorgovski}}
 
* {{cite journal | author=Esin, A. A. and Blandford, R. | title=Dust Echoes from Gamma-Ray Bursts | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=534 | issue=2 | year=2000 | pages=L151–L154 | pmid=10813670 | doi=10.1086/312670 | ref = Esin}}
 
* <cite id = Fox>Fox, D. W. ''et al''. (6 May 1997) "[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06643.html IAU Circular 6643: GRB 970228; 1997by]". ''International Astronomical Union''. Retrieved on 16 April 2009.</cite>
* {{cite journal | author = Galama, T. J. ''et al''. | title = Evidence for a Supernova in Reanalyzed Optical and Near-Infrared Images of GRB 970228 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 536 | pages = 185–194 | date = 10 June 2000 | url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/536/1/185/50113.text.html | doi = 10.1086/308909 | ref = Galama}}
 
* <cite id = GrootCirc>Groot, P. J. ''et al''. (12 March 1997) "[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06500/06584.html IAU Circular 6584: GRB 970228]". ''International Astronomical Union''. Retrieved on 16 April 2009.</cite>
* {{cite journal | title = Are Gamma-ray Bursts Due to Isotropic Fireballs or Cylindrical Jets? | author = Huang, Yong-feng ''et al''. | journal = Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 26 | date = 2002 | pages = 414–423 | doi = 10.1016/S0275-1062(02)00092-9 | ref = Huang }}
 
* <cite id = Hurley>Hurley, K. ''et al''. (8 March 1997) "[http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/grb970228/6578.txt IAU Circular 6578: GRB 970228]". ''International Astronomical Union''. Retrieved on 23 February 2010.</cite>
* {{cite journal | title = Low-Frequency Spectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts | author = Katz, J. I. | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 432 | issue = 2 | pages = L107–L109 | date = 1994 | doi = 10.1086/187523 | ref = Katz}}
 
* {{cite journal | title = Gamma-Ray Burst Dust Echoes Revisited: Expectations at Early Times | author = Moran, Jane A. and Reichart, Daniel E. | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 632 | issue = 1 | pages = 438–442 | date = 10 October 2005 | doi = 10.1086/432634 | ref = Moran}}
 
* {{cite journal | author = Paczyński, Bohdan and Rhoads, James E. | date = 1993 | title = Radio Transients from Gamma-Ray Bursters | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 418 | pages = L5–L8 | doi = 10.1086/187102 | ref = Pac}}
 
{| width="100%"
* {{cite journal | author = Panaitescu, A. | title = Decay phases of Swift X-ray afterglows and the forward-shock model | doi = 10.1098/rsta.2006.1985 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A | date = 15 May 2007 | volume = 365 | issue = 1854 | pages = 1197–1205 | ref = Panaitescu | pmid = 17293326}}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|AUS|size=100px}}<br>'''AUSTRALIA:'''
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Michael Petkovic]]
|-
|DF ||'''2''' || [[Kevin Muscat]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|DF ||'''3''' || [[Craig Moore]]
|-
|DF ||'''4''' || [[Tony Popovic]] || || {{suboff|45}}
|-
|DF ||'''5''' || [[Tony Vidmar]] || || {{suboff|45}}
|-
|MF ||'''7''' || [[Aurelio Vidmar]]
|-
|FW ||'''11''' || [[David Zdrilic]]
|-
|MF ||'''12''' || [[Steve Horvat]]
|-
|MF ||'''13''' || [[Con Boutsianis]]
|-
|MF ||'''14'''|| [[Simon Colosimo]]
|-
|FW ||'''20'''|| [[Archie Thompson]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||'''6'''|| [[Hayden Foxe]]
|-
|MF ||'''8'''|| [[Scott Chipperfield]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''|| [[John Aloisi]]
|-
|MF ||'''10'''|| [[Steve Corica]]
|-
|DF ||'''15'''|| [[Fausto De Amicis]] || || {{subon|45}}
|-
|MF ||'''16'''|| [[Lindsay Wilson (footballer)|Lindsay Wilson]]
|-
|DF ||'''17'''|| [[Scott Miller (footballer)|Scott Miller]] || || {{subon|45}}
|-
|GK ||'''18'''|| [[Clint Bolton]]
|-
|FW ||'''19'''|| [[Damian Mori]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan=4|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Frank Farina]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ASA|size=100px}}<br />'''AMERICAN SAMOA:'''
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' || [[Nicky Salapu]]
|-
| ||'''4''' || [[Lisi Leututu]] || || {{suboff|50}}
|-
| ||'''5''' || [[Soe Falimaua]]
|-
| ||'''7''' || [[Lavalu Fatu]]
|-
| ||'''8''' || [[Sulifou Faaloua]]
|-
| ||'''9''' || [[Travis Sinapati]]
|-
| ||'''13''' || [[Sam Mulipola]]
|-
| ||'''15''' || [[Pati Feagiai]]
|-
| ||'''16''' || [[Ben Falaniko]] || || {{suboff|84}}
|-
| ||'''18'''|| [[Tiaoali Savea]]
|-
| ||'''20'''|| [[Young Im Min]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
| ||'''11'''|| [[Marshall Silao]]
|-
| ||'''14'''|| [[Soga Maina]]
|-
| ||'''17'''|| [[Darrell Ioane]] || || {{subon|84}}
|-
| ||'''19'''|| [[Richard Mariko]] || || {{subon|50}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan=4|{{flagicon|ASA}} [[Tunoa Lui]]
|}
|}
 
==Records==
* <cite id = Pedichini>Pedichini, F. ''et al''. (22 April 1997) "[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06635.html IAU Circular 6635: GRB 970228; C/1995 O1]". ''International Astronomical Union''. Retrieved on 16 April 2009.</cite>
[[Australia national association football team|Australia]]'s 31–0 win broke the record for the largest win in an international match. The previous record was Australia's 22–0 win over [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]], recorded two days earlier in the same competition. Both wins surpassed the previous record held by [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] in a 20–0 win over [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]] in the [[2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2000 Asian Cup qualification]].<ref name=Kuwait/> The match also broke the record for the largest win in a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] qualification match. The previous record was held by [[Iran national football team|Iran]] in a 19–0 win over [[Guam national football team|Guam]] in [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2002 World Cup qualification]].<ref name=Telegraph/>
* {{cite journal|title=The Redshift of GRB 970508|author=Reichart, Daniel E.|date=19 February 1998|publisher=University of Chicago|journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=495|pages=L99–L101|doi=10.1086/311222|url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9712134v1|format=PDF |ref = Reichart98}}
 
Apart from team records, individual records were also broken in the match. Australia's [[Archie Thompson]], who only had two international [[Cap (sport)|caps]] and one international goal prior to the match, scored 13 goals in the match and broke the record for most goals scored in an international match. The previous record was seven goals and were jointly held by another Australian, [[Gary Cole (footballer)|Gary Cole]], who scored seven goals against [[Fiji national football team|Fiji]] in the [[1982 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC and OFC)|1982 World Cup qualification]] on August 14, 1981,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Soccer/The-allimportant-Cole-difference/2004/12/12/1102625590072.html |title=The all-important Cole difference |date=December 12, 2004 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=TheAge.com.au |publisher=The Age Company Ltd }}</ref> and Iranian [[Karim Bagheri]], who also scored seven goals against [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]] in the [[1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|1998 World Cup qualification]] on June 2, 1997.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4110868,00.html |title=Iran fanatics keep close eye on the Valley |date=December 30, 2000 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited | location=London}}</ref> [[David Zdrilic]] scored 8 goals and was widely reported as having recorded the second most goals scored in an international match, after Thompson's 13 goals. In fact, his 8 was less than the previous record of 10 goals, which was achieved by [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]]'s [[Sophus Nielsen]] at the [[Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics|1908 Olympics]] and [[Germany national football team|Germany]]'s [[Gottfried Fuchs]] at the [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2001/apr/11/newsstory.sport9 |title=Aussie Rules as Socceroos smash world record again |date=April 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited | location=London | first=Dan | last=Rookwood}}</ref> Nevertheless, this made Zdrilic's total the second highest in well over 90 years. Thompson also equaled the world record for most goals scored in a recognized senior match, set in 1885 when [[John Petrie (footballer)|John Petrie]] scored 13 goals in [[Arbroath 36–0 Bon Accord|Abroath's 36–0 win over Bon Accord]] in a [[Scottish Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-1054747/On-day--September-12.html |title=On this day - September 12 |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd }}</ref>
* {{cite journal | author = Reichart, Daniel E. | title = GRB 970228 Revisited: Evidence for a Supernova in the Light Curve and Late Spectral Energy Distribution of the Afterglow | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 521 | pages = L111–L115 | date = 1999 | url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/521/2/L111/995411.text.html | doi = 10.1086/312203 | ref = Reichart99}}
 
==Match reactions==
* {{cite journal | author = Reichart, Daniel E. | title = Light Curves and Spectra of Dust Echoes from Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Afterglows: Continued Evidence That GRB 970228 Is Associated with a Supernova | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 554 | issue = 2 | pages = 649–659 | doi = 10.1086/321428 | date = 2001 | ref = Reichart01}}
[[File:Frank Farina cropped.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Australia's coach [[Frank Farina]] criticised the qualification format after the match.]]
[[Australia national association football team|Australia]]'s manager [[Frank Farina]] criticised the qualification format and questioning the need for these kind of matches. [[Archie Thompson]], who scored a record-setting 13 goals, was delighted with his record, but he also agreed with Farina's comments. [[FIFA]] spokesman Keith Cooper agreed with both comments and suggested a change in the qualification format, with the smaller teams entered a preliminary round. However, [[Oceania Football Confederation]] chairman Basil Scarsella, opposed both comments and claimed that the smaller teams have the rights to face Australia and [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]], similar to Australia having the rights to face stronger opponents such as [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] and [[France national football team|France]].<ref name=CBC/><ref name=Telegraph/>
 
{{Quote|''"Breaking the world record is a dream come true for me; that sort of thing doesn't come along every day. But you have to look at the teams we are playing and start asking questions. We don't need to play these games."''<ref name=CBC/>|[[Archie Thompson]]}}
* {{cite book| title = Flash! The Hunt for the Biggest Explosions in the Universe | author=Schilling, Govert |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2002 | location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-80053-6 |ref = Schilling}}
 
This match and the other lopsided victories in the qualification partially contributed towards the reintroduction of a preliminary round for smaller teams in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|qualification]] for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], in order to avoid these lopsided matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=538353.html |title=Road to SA 2010 starts in Samoa |date=June 21, 2007 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association }}</ref> The significant gap between the two top teams, Australia and New Zealand, and the rest of the teams in the Oceanian zone was one of the reasons behind Australia leaving the Oceania Football Confederation at the end of 2006 to join [[Asian Football Confederation]] in order to increase the competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/03/10/1110417621684.html |title=Goal at last: Australia joining Asia |date=March 11, 2005 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=smh.com.au |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald }}</ref> Starting in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification|2010 World Cup qualification]], Australia participated in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|Asian zone qualification rounds]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/england/2326661/Fifa-World-Cup-2010-The-draw-in-full.html |title=Fifa World Cup 2010: The draw in full |date=November 26, 2007 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | location=London}}</ref>
* {{cite journal | title = Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB0303291 | first9 = R. | last9 = Schild | first8 = W. R. | last8 = Brown | first7 = P. | last7 = Challis | first6 = N. | last6 = Caldwell | first5 = P. | last5 = Berlind | first4 = P. | last4 = Martini | first3 = P. M. | last3 = Garnavich | first2 = T. | last2 = Matheson | author = Stanek, Krzysztof Z. | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 591 | pages = L17–L20 | doi = 10.1086/376976 | date = 12 June 2003 |ref = Stanek }}
 
==Post-match==
* {{cite journal|title=Transient optical emission from the error box of the γ-ray burst of 28 February 1997 | author = van Paradijs, J. ''et al''. | journal = Nature | volume = 386 | date = 1997 | pages = 686–689 | doi = 10.1038/386686a0 |ref = Paradijs}}
[[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] closed their [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|qualification campaign]] with a 5–0 loss to [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]]. American Samoa finished bottom of the groups with a -57 goal difference in four matches, without scoring a single goal in the qualifications.<ref name=FIFA/>
 
Australia continued their [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|qualification campaign]] with a 2–0 win over [[Fiji national football team|Fiji]] and 11–0 win over [[Samoa national football team|Samoa]]. Australia finished first in the group with a +66 goal difference in four matches, without conceding a single goal. Australia then defeated [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]], the other group winner, with an aggregate score of 6–1.<ref name=FIFA/> By winning the Oceanian zone, Australia advanced to the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification#CONMEBOL / OFC Intercontinental Play-off|intercontinental play-off round]] against [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]], the fifth best team in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|South American zone]], where Australia was defeated with an aggregate score of 1–3, therefore failing to qualify for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3017518/World-Cup-Qualifier-Australian-hopes-sunk-by-Morales.html |title=World Cup Qualifier: Australian hopes sunk by Morales |date=November 25, 2001 |accessdate=August 5, 2009 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | location=London | first=Juan | last=Gatti}}</ref>
* {{cite encyclopedia
 
==References==
| title = Gamma-Ray Bursts
{{reflist}}
| encyclopedia = The Universe in Gamma Rays
| author = Varendoff, Martin
| editor = Volken Schönfelder
| publisher = Springer
| date = 2001
| location = Berlin
| id = ISBN 3-540-67874-3 |ref = Varendoff}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite journal | title = Precessing jets interacting with interstellar material as the origin for the light curves of gamma-ray bursts | author = Zwart, Simon F. Portegies and Totani, Tomonori | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2001MNRAS.328..951P | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 328 | pages = 951–957 | date = 17 August 2001 |ref = Zwart | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04913.x}}
*[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/preliminaries/preliminary=3863/matches/match=22243/report.html Official match report at FIFA.com]
*[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/overview.html 2002 FIFA World Cup at FIFA.com]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wg9ox9F7Vw Match highlights at YouTube]
 
{{FIFA World Cup 2002 Qualifiers}}
{{refend}}
 
[[Category:Gamma-ray2001 bursts|970228in association football]]
[[Category:AstronomicalAssociation objectsfootball discovered in 1997matches]]
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|2002]]
[[Category:Australia national football (soccer) team matches]]
[[Category:2001 in Australian football (soccer)]]
 
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[[he:משחקי כדורגל מרובי שערים#אוסטרליה נגד סמואה האמריקנית במוקדמות מונדיאל 2002]]
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[[zh:澳大利亚31:0美属萨摩亚]]
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