Muhammed: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

'''Muhammed'''<ref group="n">[[Arapça isim|Tam adı]]: '''Ebû’l-Kâsım Muhammed ibn-i ʿAbd Allâh ibn-i ʿAbd’ûl-Muttâlib ibn-i Hâşim ibn-i ʿAbd Menâf El Kureyşî''' ({{dil|dil_adı=e|ar|ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم}}).</ref> ({{dil|dil_adı=e|ar|محمد}}, {{IPA|ar|muħammad}}; {{Yaklaşık|570}}, [[Mekke]] – 8 Haziran 632, [[Medine]]),<ref name=Goldman>Elizabeth Goldman (1995), s. 63 gives 8 June 632, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier, mainly non-Islamic traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</ref> [[Araplar|Arap]] sosyal, dinî ve siyasi lider ve [[İslam]]ın kurucusu.<ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |başlık=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |soyadı=Morgan |ad=Diane |yıl=2009 |isbn=978-0-313-36025-1 |sayfa=101 |sayfalar= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=U94S6N2zECAC&pg=PA101&dq=non-Muslims+Muhammad+%22founder+of+islam%22#v=onepage&q=non-Muslims%20Muhammad%20%22founder%20of%20islam%22&f=false | erişimtarihi =4 Temmuz 2012}}</ref> [[Arap Yarımadası|Arabistan]]'ın tamamını fethederek Müslüman hakimiyetindeki tek bir yönetim altında birleştirmiş ve böylece [[Kur'an]]'ın yanı sıra öğretileri ile uygulamalarını güvence altına alarak İslami dini inancın temelini oluşturmuştur. Müslümanlar tarafından [[Âdem]], [[İbrahim]], [[Musa]], [[İslam'da İsa|İsa]] ve diğer [[İslam peygamberleri|peygamberlerin]] daha sonradan [[tahrif]] edilmiş [[Monoteizm|tek tanrılı]] dinlerini onaran ve tamamlayan;<ref name="espos12">Esposito (1998), s. 12.</ref><ref>Esposito (2002b), ss. 4–5.</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı|soyadı= Peters|ad= F.E.|başlık= Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians|url= https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe|yıl=2003|yayıncı= Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-11553-2|sayfa=[https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9 9]}}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı|soyadı=Esposito|ad=John|başlık= Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.)|yıl=1998|yayıncı =Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511234-4|sayfalar=9, 12}}</ref> [[Allah]]'ın insanlara gönderdiği son peygamber olduğuna inanılır.<ref>[[Kur'an]] [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php#033.040 33:40] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204827/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php#033.040 |tarih=6 Haziran 2014 }}</ref><ref group="n">Muhammed'in peygamber olduğuna inanan, "son peygamber" olduğunaysa inanmayan din ve hareketler vardır:

Rivayete dayalı geleneksel kaynaklara göre Ayşe, Muhammed ile evlendiğinde altı ya da yedi yaşındaydı.<ref name="Watt-encyc-online">Watt, ''Aisha'', [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref><ref name="Spellberg">[[Denise Spellberg|D. A. Spellberg]], ''Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1994, s. 40</ref><ref name="Armstrong">Karen Armstrong, ''Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet'', Harper San Francisco, 1992, s. 145</ref> Ayşe, dokuz ya da on yaşına ulaşana kadar cinsel ilişkide bulunmadılar.<ref name="Watt-encyc-online"/><ref name="Spellberg"/><ref name="Karen_Armstrong">[[Karen Armstrong]], ''Muhammad: Prophet For Our Time'', HarperPress, 2006, s. 105</ref><ref name="Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal, ''The Life of Muhammad'', North American Trust Publications (1976), s. 139</ref><ref>Barlas (2002), ss. 125–26</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |soyadı1=A.C. Brown |ad1=Jonathan |yazarbağı=Jonathan A.C. Brown |başlık=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |tarih=2014 |yayıncı=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-420-9 |sayfalar=143–44[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/143 143]–44}}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |soyadı1=A.C. Brown |ad1=Jonathan |yazarbağı=Jonathan A.C. Brown |başlık=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |tarih=2014 |yayıncı=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-420-9 |sayfa=316. n° 50 |alıntı=Evidence that the Prophet waited for Aisha to reach physical maturity before consummation comes from al-Ṭabarī, who says she was too young for intercourse at the time of the marriage contract;}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|58|234}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|236}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|7|62|64}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|7|62|65}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|7|62|88}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|8|3309}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3310}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3311}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|41|4915}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|41|4917}}</ref>--><ref>Tabari, Volume 9, Page 131; Tabari, Volume 7, Page 7</ref> Bu nedenle Ayşe evlilikte bakireydi.<ref name="Spellberg" /> Ayşe'nin yaşını hadis gibi kaynaklara göre hesaplayan modern Müslüman yazarlar, Ayşe'nin evlilikte on üç yaşından büyük olduğunu tahmin ederler.<ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |ad=Asma |soyadı=Barlas |yıl=2012 |başlık="Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an |yayıncı=University of Texas Press |sayfa=126 |alıntı=On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.al-islam.org/polygamy-marriages-prophet |başlık=The Concept of Polygamy and the Prophet's Marriages (Chapter: The Other Wives) |deadurl=yes |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207094707/http://www.al-islam.org/polygamy-marriages-prophet/ |arşivtarihi=7 Şubat 2011 |df=dmy-all |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |soyadı1=Ali |ad1=Muhammad |yazarbağı1=Muhammad Ali (writer) |başlık=Muhammad the Prophet |url=https://books.google.com/?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150#v=onepage&q&f=false |yıl=1997 |yayıncı=Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam |isbn=978-0-913321-07-2 |kaynak=harv |sayfa=150 |ölüurl=no |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101063555/https://books.google.com/books?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |arşivtarihi=1 Ocak 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699 |başlık=Ayesha married the Prophet when she was young? (In Persian and Arabic) |soyadı=Ayatollah Qazvini |deadurl=yes |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926234317/http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699 |arşivtarihi=26 Eylül 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |soyadı1=[[Jonathan A.C. Brown|A.C. Brown]] |ad1=[[Jonathan A.C. Brown|Jonathan]] |başlık=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow|tarih=2014 |yayıncı=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-420-9 |sayfalar=146–47[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/146 146]–47}}</ref>

* {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı=Peters | ad=Francis Edward | yazarbağı=F. E. Peters | yıl=2003 | başlık=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians| url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe | yayıncı=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-11553-2}}

* {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı=Peters | ad=Francis Edward | yıl=2003b | başlık=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition| url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc00pete_0 | yayıncı=Princeton University Press | id=ASIN: B0012385Z6 | isbn=0-691-11461-7}}

* {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı=Rue | ad=Loyal | yazarbağı=Loyal Rue | başlık=Religion Is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological | url=https://archive.org/details/religionisnotabo0000ruel | yayıncı=Rutgers | yıl=2005 | isbn=0-8135-3955-2}}

* {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı=Teed | ad=Peter | başlık= A Dictionary of Twentieth Century History | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftwen00teed | yayıncı=Oxford University Press | yıl=1992 | isbn=0-19-211676-2}}