Otoriteryanizm: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
| [kontrol edilmiş revizyon] | [kontrol edilmiş revizyon] |
İçerik silindi İçerik eklendi
Khutuck Bot (mesaj | katkılar) |
Tablo eklendi |
||
4. satır:
[[Siyaset|Politik]] anlamda; otoriteryen bir hükûmette siyasal otorite, [[elit|küçük bir siyasetçi grubu]]nun odağındadır.<ref>{{Kitap kaynağı |soyadı=Shepard |ad=Jon |yardımcıyazarlar=Robert W. Greene |başlık=Sociology and You |yayıncı=Yin Chi Lo-Hill |yıl=2007 |konum=Ohio |sayfalar=A–22 |url=http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526 |isbn=0-07-828576-3}}</ref>
===Örnekler===
Otoriteryanizmin tek bir konsensüs tanımı yoktur, ancak Freedom House'un yıllık Dünya Özgürlüğü raporu dahil olmak üzere birkaç yıllık ölçüm denenmektedir.
===Günümüz===
Şu anda (veya sık sık) otoriter olarak nitelendirilen devletlerin örneklerinin kapsamlı olmayan bir listesi aşağıdadır:
{|class="wikitable"
!width=180px|State
!Zaman periyodu
!Yönetici grup veya kişi
!Notlar
|-
|{{flagcountry|Angola}}
|1975–
|[[MPLA|Halkın Angola'nın Kurtuluşu Hareketi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/angola|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Angola Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
|1993–
|[[Yeni Azerbaycan Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Rebecca|title=When the music dies: Azerbaijan one year after Eurovision|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013519690697916.html|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=19 May 2013|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|quote=Over the past several years, Azerbaijan has become increasingly authoritarian, as the authorities have used tactics such as harassment, intimidation, blackmail, attack and imprisonment to silence the regime’s critics, whether journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders, political activists or ordinary people taking to the streets in protest.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Bahrain}}
|1746–
|[[Halife Hanedanı]]
|<ref>Nebil Husayn, [http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges], AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); [http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain] (January 13, 2011), Stanford University</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Belarus}}
|1994–
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 August 2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Belarus's Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator'|location=Berlin |date=4 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 January 2007|quote=..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/belaru9878.htm |title=Essential Background – Belarus |accessdate=26 March 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |title=Human rights by country – Belarus |accessdate=22 December 2007 |year=2007 |website=Amnesty International Report 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011715/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |archivedate=12 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republika Srpska}}
|2006–
|[[Milorad Dodik]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bieber|first1=Florian|title=Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans|journal=East European Politics|date=July 2018|volume=38|issue=3|pages=337–54|doi=10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/world/europe/dodik-republika-srpska-bosnia.html|title=Milorad Dodik Wants to Carve Up Bosnia. Peacefully, if Possible|date=16 February 2018|work=The New York Times
|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2e8576b75226465fa1dc4180cdda6644|title=Correction: Bosnia-Journalist Beaten story|date=28 September 2018|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Burundi}}
|2005–
|[[Pierre Nkurunziza]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/burundi|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Burundi Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
|1985–
|[[Hun Sen]]
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/asia/in-cambodia-panetta-reaffirms-ties-with-authoritarian-government.html |title=In Cambodia, Panetta Reaffirms Ties With Authoritarian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise of Sophisticated Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/rise-of-sophisticated-authoritarianism-in-southeast-asia/DD69532BF1B97F138A79368A5C941915|last=Morgenbesser|first=Lee|date=2020|website=Cambridge University Press|language=en|doi=10.1017/9781108630061|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
|1982–
|[[Paul Biya]]
|<ref name="Freedom House" /><ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|title=Amnesty International Report 2009: State of the World's Human Rights|year=2009|url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008000900/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Chad}}
|1990–
|[[Idriss Déby]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/chad|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Chad Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|People's Republic of China}}
|1949–
|[[Çin Komünist Partisi]]
|“Bazı akademisyenler Çin sistemini 'parçalanmış bir otoriterlik' (Lieberthal), 'müzakere edilmiş bir devlet' veya 'danışma otoriter rejimi' olarak nitelendirdiler” John Kennedy'nin (2018) araştırmasına göre, yüksek öğrenim gören Çinli vatandaşlar yerel seçimlere daha az katılma eğilimindedir ve yalnızca zorunlu eğitime sahip olanlara kıyasla daha düşük demokratik değerlere sahiptir.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=John |last2=Nagao |first2=Haruka |last3=Liu |first3=Hongyan |title=Voting and Values: Grassroots Elections in Rural and Urban China |journal=Politics and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=90 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i2.1331 |year=2018 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}}
|1979–
|[[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-republic-brazzaville|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}}
|1959–
|[[Küba Komunist Partisi]]
|<ref>Ariana Eunjung Cha, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran] (June 27, 2009), ''The Washington Post''; Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4 Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution] (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Egypt}}
|2014–
|[[Abdülfettah es-Sisi]]
|<ref>Amr Adly, [http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804 The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order], [[Carnegie Middle East Center]], June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown & Katie Bentivoglio, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life], [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], October 9, 2014; [[Roula Khalaf]], [https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state], ''Financial Times'' (December 19, 2016); [[Peter Hessler]], [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution Egypt's Failed Revolution], ''New Yorker'', January 2, 2017.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
|1979–
|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/equatorial-guinea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Equatorial Guinea Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Eritrea}}
|1993–
|[[Isaias Afewerki]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/eritrea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Eritea Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
|1991–
|[[Etiyopya Halkının Devrimci Demokratik Cephesi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ethiopia|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Ethiopia Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Gabon}}
|1961–
|[[Gabon Demokrat Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/gabon|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Gabon Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Hungary}}
|2010–
|[[Viktor Orbán]]
|Son zamanlarda [[liberalizm]]e daha çok yöneldi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/05/hungary-and-poland-arent-democratic-theyre-authoritarian/|title=Hungary and Poland Aren't Democratic. They're Authoritarian.|last=Rohac|first=Dalibor|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-re-election-of-hungarys-authoritarian-prime-minister-disproves-everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-democracy.html|title=The Re-election of Hungary's Anti-Semitic, Authoritarian Prime Minister Disproves Everything We Thought We Knew About Democracy|last=Mounk|first=Yascha|date=2018-04-09|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=AtlanticHungaryAntisemitic>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/ Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism]. [[Ira Forman]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 14 December 2018</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iran|1979}}
|1981–
|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] ve [[Ali Khamenei]]
|<ref>Mehrdad Kia, [https://books.google.com/books? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran], in ''Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis'' (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia & Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.</ref> Linz, 2000 yılında "totaliterliğin ideolojik eğilimini otoriterizmin sınırlı çoğulculuğu ile birleştirdiği ve farklı politika ve görevlileri savunan adayların sık sık yenildiği için İran rejimini mevcut tipolojiye sığdırmanın zor olduğunu" yazdı.<ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Jordan}}
|1946–
|[[Hashemites|Haşim Hanedanı]]
|<ref name="wasp">{{cite news|last1=Yom|first1=Sean|title=Why Jordan and Morocco are doubling down on royal rule|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/16/why-jordan-and-morocco-are-doubling-down-on-royal-rule/|work=Washington Post|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|1990–
|[[Nur Otan]]
|<ref name="Freedom House" />
|-
|{{flagcountry|Laos}}
|1975–
|[[Lao Halkın Devrimci Partisi]]
|<ref name=":0">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|1957–
|[[Alevî Hanedanı]]
|<ref name="wasp"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Governance of Morocco |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/governance/ |work=Fanack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco: The Promise of Democracy and the Reality of Authoritarianism |url=http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/morocco-promise-democracy-and-reality-authoritarianism |work=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |date=27 April 2016 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
|1990–
|[[Karadağ Sosyalistleri Demokratik Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/world/europe/montenegro-milo-djukanovic-resigns.html|title=Montenegro's Prime Minister Resigns, Perhaps Bolstering Country's E.U. Hopes |date=26 October 2016|work=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/djukanovic-looks-to-extend-dominance-in-montenegro-s-presidential-vote/29167866.html|title=Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election |date=16 April 2018|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/european-crossroads/elezioni-presidenziali-montenegro-vittoria-djukanovic|title=Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles |date=17 April 2018|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/%C4%91ukanovi%C4%87-posljednji-autokrat-balkana/a-16888850|title=Đukanović - posljednji autokrat Balkana |date=18 June 2013|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180319-montenegro-veteran-pm-djukanovic-run-presidency|title=Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency |date=19 March 2018|publisher=France 24|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|North Korea}}
|1947–
|[[Kim Hanedanı]] ve [[Kore İşçi Partisi]]
|<ref>Daniel Byman, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea], ''International Security'', Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-authoritarian-north-korea-hints-of-reform/2012/09/03/bb5d95ce-f275-11e1-adc6-87dfa8eff430_story.html In authoritarian North Korea, hints of reform], ''The Washington Post'', September 3, 2012.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Oman}}
|[[1970 Umman darbesi|1970]]–
|[[Bu Said Hanedanı]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/oman|title=Oman|date=2017-01-24|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagcountry|Palestine}}
|1964–2006
|[[Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20141011-authoritarianism-in-palestine/|title=Authoritarianism in Palestine|date=2014-10-11|website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
|-
|2006–
|[[Hamas]]
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Qatar}}
|1971–
|[[Sani Hanedanı]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/dictators-continue-score-international-sporting-events|title=Dictators Continue to Score in International Sporting Events|last=|first=|date=|work=Freedom House|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
|1999–
|[[Vladimir Putin]] yönetiminde [[Birleşik Rusya]]
|(bkz. daha fazlası için [[Putinizm]]) Otoriter eğilimlere sahiptir ve bazıları tarafından "gerçekten otoriterizmin ve yönetilen demokrasinin bir karışımı" olarak tanımlanır."<ref>Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9 The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy] (October 18, 2005), [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]; Tom Parfitt, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution] (January 11, 2012), ''The Guardian''; Richard Denton, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm Russia's 'managed democracy'] (May 11, 2006), BBC News.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nations in Transit 2014 – Russia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/russia#.VDEX4Gc7uSq|website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Myth of the Authoritarian Model – How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back|url=http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|website=The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101539/http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
|2000–
|[[Paul Kagame]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/rwanda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Rwanda Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|1744–
|[[Suud Hanedanı]]
|<ref>Toby Craig Jones, ''Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia'' (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, [http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 Sustaining Authoritarian Rule] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102104633/http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 |date=January 2, 2013 }} Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), ''Northwestern Journal of International Affairs''.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}
|2012–
|[[Aleksandar Vučić]] yönetiminde [[Sırp İlerleme Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36122928|title=Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory |date=24 April 2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/opinion/a-serbian-election-erodes-democracy.html?referer=|title=A Serbian Election Erodes Democracy |date=9 April 2017|work=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/thousands-march-against-serbian-presidents-autocratic-rule/2018/12/08/a7b93022-fb1b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html|title=Thousands march against Serbian president's autocratic rule |date=8 December 2018|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/|title=How Aleksandar Vucic Became Europe's Favorite Autocrat |first=Aleks|last=Eror |date=9 March 2018|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Singapore}}
|1965–
|[[Halk Hareketi Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=January 5, 2017 Fear, smear and the paradox of authoritarian politics in Singapore|url=http://www.theindependent.sg/fear-smear-and-the-paradox-of-authoritarian-politics-in-singapore/|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|South Sudan}}
|2011–
|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] yönetiminde [[Sudan Halk Kurtuluş Hareketi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/south-sudan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World South Sudan Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Syria}}
|1963–
|[[Arap Sosyalist Baas Partisi - Suriye Bölgesi|Baas rejimi]] ve [[Esad ailesi]]
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heydemann|first1=Steven |last2=Leenders|first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0804793339 |page=13}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
|1994–
|[[Emomali Rahmon]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/tajikistan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Tajikistan Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|2003–
|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] yönetiminde [[Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi]]
|“Rekabetçi otoriter rejim” olarak tanımlanmaktadır.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Esena | first1 = Berk | last2 = Gumuscub | first2 = Sebnem | year = 2016| title = Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732?journalCode=ctwq20 | journal = [[Third World Quarterly]] | volume = 37| issue = | pages = 1581–1606| doi = 10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732 }}; Ramazan Kılınç, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/ramazan-k-l-n/turkey-from-conservative-democracy-to-popular-authoritarianism Turkey: from conservative democracy to popular authoritarianism], [[openDemocracy]] (December 5, 2015).</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
|1991–
|[[Türkmenistan Demokratik Partisi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkmenistan|title=Turkmenistan|website=hrw.org|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
|1972–
|[[Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri kraliyet aileleri]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/blog/2015/09/07/uae-human-rights|title=The dark side of the United Arab Emirates|date=7 September 2015|website=newint.org|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998|title=United Arab Emirates profile|date=29 August 2017|accessdate=22 October 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Uganda}}
|1964–
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/uganda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Uganda Report}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
|1989–
|[[Özbekistan Liberal Demokrat Partisi]]
|<ref>Neil J. Melvin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road]'' (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>[[Shahram Akbarzadeh]], "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in ''Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity'' (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote & Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/12/14/an-uzbek-spring-has-sprung-but-summer-is-still-a-long-way-off|title=An Uzbek spring has sprung, but summer is still a long way off|date=2017-12-14|work=The Economist|access-date=2019-10-23|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|1999–
|[[Nicolás Maduro]] yönetiminde [[Venezuela Birleşik Sosyalist Partisi]]
|<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights], March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001214521/http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf |date=2018-10-01 }}, ''Journal of Democracy'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
|1976–
|[[Vietnam Komünist Partisi]]
|<ref>Thomas Fuller, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/vietnam-clings-to-one-party-rule-as-dissent-rises-sharply.html?pagewanted=all In Hard Times, Open Dissent and Repression Rise in Vietnam] (April 23, 2013), ''The New York Times''</ref>
|}
==Ayrıca bakınız==
| |||