Fotokopi: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

In [[1937]] [[Bulgaria]]n [[physicist]] [[Georgi Nadjakov]] found that when placed into electric field and exposed to light, some dielectrics acquire permanent electric polarization in the exposed areas.[http://www.issp.bas.bg/lab/ephi/Museum/acad_GNadjakov/GN11-page5.html] That polarization persists in the dark and is destroyed in light.

[[Chester Carlson]], the inventor of photocopying, was originally a [[patent attorney]] and part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in [[New York]] required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was [[arthritis|arthritic]], found this a painful and tedious process. This prompted him to conduct experiments with [[photoconductivity]]. Carlson experimented with "[[electrophotography]]" in his kitchen and in [[1938]], applied for a patent for the process. He made the first "photocopy" using a [[zinc]] plate covered with [[sulfur]]. The words "10-22-38 Astoria" were written on a [[microscope]] slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but because the process was still underdeveloped he failed. At the time multiple copies were made using carbon paper or duplicating machines and people did not feel the need for an electronic machine. Between [[1939]] and [[1944]], Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including [[IBM]] and [[General Electric|GE]], neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers.

In 1944, the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], a non-profit organization in [[Columbus, Ohio]], contracted with Carlson to refine his new process. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography. In [[1947]] Haloid Corporation (a small New York-based manufacturer and seller of photographic paper) approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology.

Haloid felt that the word "electrophotography" was too complicated and did not have good recall value. After consulting a professor of classical language at [[Ohio State University]], Haloid and Carlson changed the name of the process to "[[Xerography]]," derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] words which meant "dry writing." Haloid called the new copier machines "Xerox Machines" and in [[1948]], the word Xerox was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to [[Xerox Corporation]].

In [[1949]], Xerox introduced the first xerographic copier called the Model A. Xerox became so successful that in [[North America]] photocopying came to be popularly known as "Xeroxing," a situation that Xerox has very actively fought in order to prevent "xerox" from becoming a [[genericized trademark]]. "Xerox" has been found in some dictionaries as the synonym of photocopying, leading to letters and ads from the Xerox Corporation asking that the entries be modified, and that people not use the term "Xerox" in this way.

Colored toner became available in the [[1950s]], although full-color copiers were not commercially available until [[3M]] released the ''Color-in-Color'' copier in [[1968]], which used a [[dye sublimation]] process rather than the normal electrostatic technology. The first electrostatic color copier was released by [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] in [[1973]].