Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

* Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff, Routledge, 2006, pg 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local—i.e., non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount. The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazlra and Syria—indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India—also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dln Kai-Qubad I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought—in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. {Before coming to Anatolia,} the Turkmens had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that thev had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkmenistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al-Din Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Ka us, and Kai-Qubad; and that. Ala' al-Din Kai-Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact {i.e., the importance of Persian influence} is undeniable. With- regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."

* Stephen P. Blake, ''[[Shahjahanabad]]: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739''. Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Persianized and Islamicized"</ref><ref>* ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrbanu Šahrbānu]", Online Edition: "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."

* ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 Seljuq]", Online Edition: "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."

* M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in ''Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies)'', vol. 25-6 (2005), pp. 157–69

Tuğrul Bey’in oğlu olmadığından, Çağrı Bey’in oğlu [[Alp Arslan]] Selçuklu Deleti sultânı oldu. Başa geçer geçmez amcasının veziri Amîd-ül-mülk’ü görevden alarak, yerine Nizâm-ül-mülk’ü tâyin etti. Sultan Alp Arslan, tahta geçmek iddiasında bulunan diğer rakiplerini bertaraf ettikten sonra, batıya yönelerek fetihlere başladı. Kafkaslardan dolaşıp mahallî küçük krallıkları itaati altına aldi. Doğu Anadolu’nun Kuzeydoğu ucundaki meşhûr [[Ani kalesi]]ni 1064'te feth ederek, 16 Ağustos 1064'te [[Kars]]’a girdi. [[Ani]], hıristiyan âleminin kutsal yerlerinden biri idi. Bu fetihler İslâm âleminde büyük sevinç kaynağı oldu ve Halîfe Kâim bil-Emrillah, Sultan’a, fetihler babası yâni çok feth eden mânâsına gelen Ebü’l-Feth lakabını verdi. Sultan, 1065 senesi sonlarında doğuya yönelerek Üstyurd ve Mangışlak taraflarına yürüdü. Başarı ile biten seferin sonunda; ticâret yollarını vuran Kıpçak ve Türkmenler itaat altına alındı.

 

 

Sultan Alp Arslan vefat ettiğinde, devlet toprakları, doğuda Yaşgar’dan, batıda Ege kıyıları ve İstanbul boğazına, kuzeyde [[Hazar Denizi|Hazar]]-[[Aral Gölü|Aral]] arasından, güneyde Yemen’e kadar olan bir bölgeye yayılmıştı.