İngiltere Topluluğu: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

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[[Dosya:Cromwell at Dunbar Andrew Carrick Gow.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Üçüncü [[İngiliz İç Savaşı]]]]

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{{Infobox Historical Era

 

In 1653, after the forcible dissolution of the Rump Parliament, [[Oliver Cromwell]] was declared Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" under the terms of the [[Instrument of Government]], inaugurating the period now usually known as [[the Protectorate]]. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son, [[Richard Cromwell]], the [[Third Protectorate Parliament|Protectorate Parliament]] was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, the start of a process that led ultimately to the [[Restoration (England)|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – a period referred to by monarchists as the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] – although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell’s formal assumption of power in 1653.

== 1649–1653 ==

{{Infobox former country

|conventional_long_name = Commonwealth of England

 

Cromwell seems to have expected this group of 'amateurs' to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.

==The Protectorate, 1653–1659==

{{See also|First Protectorate Parliament|Second Protectorate Parliament|Third Protectorate Parliament}}

 

 

On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, [[Richard Cromwell]], inherited the title Lord Protector, but internal divisions among the republican party led to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament.

== 1659–1660 ==

{{Infobox former country

| native_name =

* [[Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate]]

* [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom]]

 

* {{Citation |editor-first=C.H.|editor-last=Firth |editor2-first=R.S. |editor2-last=Rait |year=1911 |chapter=September 1650: Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church |title=Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660 |pages= 423–425 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56416|publisher=}}

* {{Citation |editor-last=Schultz |editor-first=Oleg |date=14 March 2010 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/scotland/01_laws.php |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |publisher=[http://www.archontology.org/main/author.php Archontology.org] |accessdate=December 2012}}

* {{Citation |last=Sevaldsen |first= Jørgen |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2007 |title=Angles on the English-Speaking World, V.7: The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707–2007 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-0702-8 |page = [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WletMznpNO4C&pg=PA39 39] |ref={{sfnRef|Sevaldsen|2007}} }}

 

* [http://www.CromwellCoins.com Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649–1660, including halfcrowns]

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