İbelinli Balian: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

'''İbelinli Balian''' ({{lang-fr|Balian d'Ibelin}}; yaklaşık 1143 – 1193), 12 yüzyılda Haçlı devleti [[Kudüs Krallığı]]'nda önemli bir Fransız soylu.

 

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Balian was the youngest son of [[Barisan of Ibelin]], and brother of [[Hugh of Ibelin|Hugh]] and [[Baldwin of Ibelin|Baldwin]]. His father, a knight in the [[County of Jaffa]], had been rewarded with the lordship of [[Ibelin]] after the revolt of [[Hugh II of Le Puiset]]. Barisan married [[Helvis of Ramla]], heiress of the wealthy [[lordship of Ramla]]. Balian's name was also Barisan, but he seems to have adapted the name to the [[Old French language|Old French]] "Balian" c. 1175–76; he is sometimes known as Balian the Younger or Balian II when his father is also referred to as Balian. He is also called Balian of [[Ramla]] or Balian of [[Nablus]]. In [[Latin]] his name appears variously as Balian, Barisan, Barisanus, Balianus, Balisan, and Balisanus. Arabic sources call him ''Balian ibn Barzan'', which translates "Balian, son of Barzan (or Barisan)". His precise year of birth is unknown, but he was of the age of majority (usually 15) by 1158, when he first appears in [[charter]]s, having been described as under-age ("''infra annos''") in 1156.

After the death of Balian's eldest brother Hugh c. 1169, the castle of [[Ibelin]] passed to the next brother, Baldwin. Baldwin, preferring to remain lord of Ramla, gave it to Balian. Balian held [[Ibelin]] as a [[vassal]] of his brother, and indirectly as a [[vavasour|rear-vassal]] of the king, from whom Baldwin held Ramla.

 

Baldwin supported [[Raymond III of Tripoli]] over [[Miles of Plancy]] as regent for King [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]] in 1174, and in 1177 the brothers were present at the [[Battle of Montgisard]], leading the vanguard victoriously against the strongest point of the Muslim line. That year Balian also married [[Maria Komnene, Queen consort of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]], widow of [[Amalric I of Jerusalem|King Amalric I]], and became stepfather to their daughter Princess [[Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella]]. He received the lordship of [[Nablus]], which had been a [[dower]] gift to Maria following her marriage to Amalric. In 1179, Baldwin was captured by [[Saladin]] after the [[Battle of Jacob's Ford]], and Balian helped arrange for his ransom and release the next year; the ransom was eventually paid by [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Manuel I Comnenus]], Maria's great-uncle.

 

In 1183 Balian and Baldwin supported Raymond against [[Guy of Lusignan]], husband of [[Sibylla of Jerusalem]] and by now regent for Baldwin IV, who was dying of [[leprosy]]. The king had his 5-year-old nephew [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Montferrat]] crowned as co-king in his own lifetime, in an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king. Shortly before his death in spring 1185, Baldwin IV ordered a formal crown-wearing by his nephew at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. It was Balian himself—a notably tall man—who carried the child Baldwin V on his shoulder at the ceremony, signifying the support of Isabella's family for her nephew. Soon after, the eight-year-old boy became sole king. When he, too, died in 1186, Balian and Maria, with Raymond's support, put forward Maria's daughter Isabella, then about 14, as a candidate for the throne. However, her husband, [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], refused the crown and swore fealty to Guy. Balian reluctantly also paid homage to Guy, while his brother refused to do so and exiled himself to [[Antioch]]. Baldwin placed Balian in charge of raising his son Thomas, the future lord of Ramla, who did not go with his father to Antioch.

 

Balian remained in the kingdom, as an advisor to Guy. At the end of 1186, [[Saladin]], the sultan of [[Egypt]] and [[Damascus]], threatened the borders of the kingdom after Guy's ally [[Raynald of Châtillon]], [[lord of Oultrejordain]], had attacked a Muslim caravan. Saladin was allied with the garrison of [[Tiberias]] in the north of the kingdom, a territory held by Raymond III. Guy gathered his army at [[Nazareth]], planning to besiege Tiberias, but Balian disagreed with this, and instead suggested that Guy send an emissary to Raymond in Tripoli, hoping the two could be reconciled before Guy made a foolish attack on Saladin's larger army. The first embassy was a failure and the situation remained unchanged throughout the early months of 1187. After [[Easter]] of that year, Balian, [[Gerard of Ridefort]] (Grand Master of the [[Knights Templar]]), [[Roger des Moulins]] (Grand Master of the [[Knights Hospitaller]]), [[Reginald of Sidon]], and [[Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre]] were sent on a new embassy to Tripoli. During the journey they stopped at Balian's fief of Nablus, and Balian planned to remain behind briefly while the others went ahead. On May 1, the Templars and Hospitallers were defeated by Saladin's son [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah al-din|al-Afdal]] at the [[Battle of Cresson]]; Balian was still a day behind, and had also stopped at [[Samaria|Sebastea]] to celebrate a [[feast day]]. After reaching the castle of La Fève, where the Templars and Hospitallers had camped, he found that the place was deserted, and soon heard news of the disastrous battle from the few survivors. Raymond heard about the battle as well and met the embassy at Tiberias, and agreed to accompany them back to Jerusalem.

 

Since al-Afdal's army had been allowed to enter the kingdom through their alliance with Raymond, the count now regretted his actions and reconciled with Guy. Guy marched north and camped at [[Sephoria]], but insisted on marching the army across a dry and barren plain to relieve Tiberias. The army had no water and was constantly harassed by Saladin's troops, and was finally surrounded at the Horns of [[Hattin]] outside Tiberias early in July. In the [[Battle of Hattin|battle that followed]] on July 4, Balian and [[Joscelin III of Edessa]] commanded the rearguard, but the crusader army was completely defeated. The anonymous text, ''De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum Libellus'' claims that Balian, Raymond and Reginald of Sidon fled the field in the middle of the battle, trampling "''the Christians, the Turks and the Cross''" in the process—but this is not corroborated by other accounts, and likely reflects the author's hostility to the ''Poleins'' (a European born in the [[Levant]]).

 

The defeat was a disaster for the Kingdom of Jerusalem: King Guy was taken prisoner, and nearly every town and castle soon fell to Saladin. Balian, Raymond, Reginald, and Payen of Haifa were among the few leading nobles who managed to escape to [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]]. Raymond and Reginald soon left to attend to the defence of their own territories, and Tyre came under the leadership of [[Conrad of Montferrat]], Baldwin V's paternal uncle, who had arrived not long after Hattin. Balian was to become one of his closest allies. Leaving Tyre, Balian asked Saladin for permission to return through the lines to Jerusalem to escort his wife and their children to Tripoli. Saladin allowed this, provided that Balian leave the city and take an oath to never raise arms against him.

 

When Balian and his small group of knights arrived in the city, the inhabitants begged them to stay, and Balian was absolved of his oath to Saladin by [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Patriarch Eraclius]], who argued that the greater need of Christendom was stronger than his oath to a non-Christian. Balian was recruited to lead the defence of the city, but he found that there were under fourteen, possibly as few as two, other knights there, so he created 60 new knights from the ranks of the [[burgess (title)|burgess]]es. [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Queen Sibylla]] seems to have played little part in the defence, and oaths were taken to Balian as lord. With Eraclius, he prepared for the inevitable siege by storing food and money. Saladin indeed arrived to [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|besiege the city]] in September, after he had conquered almost all of the rest of the kingdom, including Ibelin, Nablus, Ramla, and Ascalon. The sultan felt no ill-will to Balian for breaking his oath, and arranged for an escort to accompany Maria and their children to Tripoli. As the highest ranking lord remaining in Jerusalem, Balian, as [[Ibn al-Athir]] wrote, was seen by the Muslims as holding a rank "more or less equal to that of a king."

 

Balian became one of Henry's advisors, and later that year (along with William of Tiberias), he commanded the rearguard of Richard's army at the [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]]. Later, he helped negotiate the [[Treaty of Ramla]] between Richard and Saladin, ending the crusade. Under this treaty, Ibelin remained under Saladin's control, but many sites along the coast which had been reconquered during the crusade were allowed to remain in Christian hands. After Richard departed, Saladin compensated Balian with the castle of [[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Lordship of Caymont|Caymont]] and five other nearby sites, all outside Acre.

 

Balian died in 1193, in his early fifties. With Maria he had four children:

* [[Helvis of Ibelin]], who married (1) [[Reginald of Sidon]]; (2) [[Guy de Montfort, Lord of Sidon|Guy of Montfort]].

The name also passed into the family of the Greniers of Sidon, since Balian's daughter Helvis and Reginald of Sidon named their son Balian.

 

Balian appears in [[Ronald Welch]]'s children's novel ''[[Knight Crusader]]'' (1954) as a fat, middle-aged baron. He is a sympathetic major character in British author [[Graham Shelby]]'s two novels of Outremer, ''The Knights of Dark Renown'' (1969) and its sequel ''The Kings of Vain Intent'' (1970). However, the first is based on now-outdated research. In the sequel, Balian and Maria are depicted as manipulated by Conrad, whom Shelby (without any historical evidence) portrays as an evil sadist, and they become his enemies. Shelby even depicts Balian telling Conrad he wishes he could kill him, although all the historical evidence indicates they were close friends and allies. Balian is also portrayed in [[Alan Gordon (author)|Alan Gordon]]'s fourth work in the Fool's Guild Mysteries, ''The Widow of Jerusalem'' (2003), as the wise adviser of Conrad and Isabella. In Catherine Jinks' book, ''Pagan's Crusade'', Balian is portrayed a 'growing older' yet is admired as an efficient military commander and a sensible man.

 

Balian is also a general of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] at the Medieval: II Total War, Crusade Campaign.

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* ''De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum'', translated by James A. Brundage, in ''The Crusades: A Documentary Survey''. Marquette University Press, 1962.

* [[Surlu Vilyam]], ''A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea''. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. [[Columbia Üniversitesi]] Yayınevi, 1943.