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[[Dosya:Italy 1000 AD.svg|right|300px|thumb|Guaimar'ın zamanında Salerno Prensliği. Guaimar, egemenliğini Amalfi Düklüğü ve Capua Prensliğine ve hatta Bizans'a ait mor renkli alanlara kadar genişletmiştir.]]
'''IV. Guaimar'''<ref>Ayrıca ''Waimar'', ''Gaimar'', ''Guaimaro'', ''Guaimario'', ''Guaimarius'', ya da ''Weimarius''. Huguette Taviana-Carozzi tarafından yapılan revize soy araştırmasına göre '''Guaimar V''' olarak numarandırılmıştır. Gravett, 132, onu "Demir El" olarak isimlendirir.</ref> (yaklaşık. 1013 &ndash; 2 ya da 3 Haziran 1052 tarihinde suikast sonucu öldürülmüştür) 1027 to 1052 yılları arasında Güney İtalya'da Salerno Prensliği (1027&ndash;1052),<ref>''Catalogum Principum Salerni''{{'}}ye göre, 34 yıl ve 17 gün hükmetmiştir.</ref> Amalfi Düklüğü (1039&ndash;1052), Gaeta Düklüğü (1040&ndash;1041) ve Capua Prensliği (1038&ndash;1047). Mezzogiorno bölgesindeki [[Bizans İmparatorluğu|Bizans]] egemenliğinin son dönemi ve Güney İtalya'nın [[Normanlar|Norman]] istilasında önemli bir kişidir. Montecassinolu Amatus'a göre, "babasından daha cesurdu, daha cömert ve daha nazik; rahip olmayan bir insanın sahip olması gereken tüm özelliklere sahipti, tek istisna kadınlara olan aşırı düşkünlüğüydü."<ref>''Cestui Gamérie estoit plus vaillant que le père et plus liberal et courtois à donner, liquel estoit aorné de toutes les vertus que home sécular doit avoir fors de tant que moult se délictoit de avoir moult de fames''.</ref>
Satır 6 ⟶ 5:
Salernolu III. Guaimar'ın ve Dük Beneventolu II. Pandulf'un kızının en büyük oğlu olarak 1013 yılı civarı doğmuştur. Annesi Tabellarialı Porpora olan üvey ağabeyi Giovanni 1015 yılına kadar ortak prens olarak hüküm sürmüştür. 1018 yılında ölünce, Guaimar ortak prens yapılmıştır. 1022 yılında [[Kutsal Roma imparatorları listesi|İmparator]] [[II. Heinrich (Kutsal Roma İmparatoru)|II. Heinrich]], Bizanlılara karşı sefer Güney İtalya'ya bir sefer düzenledi ve [[Köln]] başpiskoposu Pilgrim komutasında bir birlik ''[[Abruzzi]]'nin Kurdu'' lakaplı [[IV. Pandulf]]'a ve Salernolu Guaimar'a saldırdı. Pandulf esir alındı, III. Guaimar teslim olup, oğlu genç Guaimar'ı rehin olarak verdi. İmparator onu [[Papa VIII. Benedictus]]'un gözetimine verdi. 1027 yılında Salerno'da 14 yada 16 yaşında ve muhtemelen annesinin naipliğinde babasının yerine geçti. Hayatı boyunca devam edecek İtalyan yarımadasının güneyinin tamamının kontrolü çabasını başlattı.
 
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In 1036, he received word that his uncle and erstwhile ally, Pandulf of Capua, had attempted to rape his niece, the daughter of his wife's sister and the [[Duke of Sorrento]].<ref>The identity of this duke is unknown, but he must have been the local ruler displaced by Pandulf in 1034. He had previously repudiated his wife, Guaimar's sister-in-law.</ref> He then received the homage of the defecting [[Rainulf Drengot]], formerly a vassal of Pandulf. Thus, Guaimar won the support of the [[Normans]] in the Mezzogiorno. In 1037, Guaimar made the politically savvy request of arbitration to both the [[Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman]] and [[Byzantine emperor]]s over the issue of Pandulf's unfitness to rule. [[Emperor Conrad II]] accepted the invitation and traveled south in Spring 1038. He demanded hostages from Pandulf. However, the hostages escaped and Capua was promptly besieged. Having taken that principality, he gave it to Guaimar (May),<ref>Chalandon, 83. Guaimar consistently dated his reign in Capua from August or September, not May.</ref> who asked for a title of nobility for his new Norman vassal. This was granted and Rainulf officially became "[[Count of Aversa]]" and a vassal of Salerno.
 
Guaimar set out to take possession of his new principality immediately. On 15 August, he conquered [[Rocca Vandra]] and gave it to the abbey of [[Monte Cassino]]. Meanwhile, the Normans of Aversa pacified the valley of the [[Sangro]]. After Pandulf fled to [[Constantinople]], Guaimar turned his attention to [[Amalfi]]. In April 1039, in support of the deposed and blinded [[Manso II of Amalfi|Manso II]], Guaimar forced the abdication and exile of [[John II of Amalfi|John II]] and his mother, [[Maria of Capua|Maria]], a sister of Pandulf. Guaimar installed himself as duke. Then in July, he conquered [[Sorrento, Italy|Sorrento]], which had been conquered by Pandulf in 1034.<ref>Chalandon, 86. The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' gives a date of 1035 for Guaimar's conquest.</ref> He gave it to his brother [[Guy, Duke of Sorrento|Guy]] with the title of duke. He also received the homage of the [[Duke of Naples]], [[John V of Naples|John V]], who had brought the request for mediation to Constantinople in 1037.
 
In the north, he brought [[Comino]], [[Aquino]], [[Traetto]] (May 1039), [[Venafro]] (October 1040), [[Pontecorvo]], and [[Sora, Italy|Sora]] under his rule. In June 1040, he took [[Gaeta]], which had been conquered by Pandulf in 1032. After October 1041, Guaimar ceases to appear in the acts of Gaeta and it seems he was replaced by a popular usurper related to the old dynasty, [[Leo I of Gaeta|Leo]]. By December 1042, however, Gaeta was in the hands of Rainulf, holding it from Guaimar.
 
==Hauteville alliance==
Soon after, he became involved with the [[Tancred of Hauteville|Hautevilles]]. The Byzantines, who had not responded to Guaimar's earlier request for help, were preparing an expedition under the great general [[George Maniaces|Giorgio Maniace]]. Guaimar sent, at their request, a cohort of Lombard and Norman warriors, the first of which was one [[William Iron Arm|William]], who, in [[Sicily]], won the [[epithet]] "Iron Arm". In 1038, the Normans and Lombards returned in a rebellious state and quickly invaded Greek [[Apulia]]. In this, Guaimar supported them and, in 1042, they elected William Iron Arm as count and sought the approval of Guaimar, whom they acclaimed, in full opposition to any Byzantine claims, [[List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria|Duke of Apulia and Calabria]] (1043). Guaimar, in accordance with good feudal theory, granted them [[Melfi]] and the republican model on which it was set up. The feudal grounding was not so good in law, however. Guaimar was only duke by acclamation of the men he appointed as vassals and it was by the authority of the ducal title that he installed them in Melfi. This would cause him trouble later.
 
In 1044, he and the Iron Arm began to take Calabria and built a large castle at [[Squillace]]. In his later years, he had trouble retaining his possessions in the face of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and the Normans. Rainulf Drengot, who still held Aversa, originally from the Duke of Naples, died in 1045 and his county passed, against all protestation from Guaimar, to his nephew [[Asclettin]]. Later in that same year, Guaimar opposed the succession of Asclettin's cousin [[Rainulf Trincanocte]], but again was overridden. These quarrels led the once-loyal Aversa to return its allegiance to Pandulf, lately returned from exile in Constantinople. War with Pandulf continued from 1042 to 1047. Guaimar secured his own position, however, by recognising William's brother [[Drogo of Hauteville|Drogo]] shortly after William's death in 1046 and by giving him his sister [[Gaitelgrima]] in marriage.
 
==Later reversals==
In 1047, however, Guaimar's life's work was undone. In that year [[Emperor Henry III]] came to demand homage from the dukes of the south. He returned Capua to Pandulf and took Aversa and Melfi directly under his suzerainty. Finally, he deprived Guaimar of his title over Apulia and Calabria, bringing to an end that troublesome feudal oddity. The emperor also besieged Benevento, where [[Agnes of Poitou|Empress Agnes]] was being held while the gates were shut to him. At that point, Daufer, the future [[Pope Victor III]], brother of [[Pandulf III of Benevento]], fled the city and sought the protection of Guaimar, who gave him refuge in [[La Trinità della Cava]]. Daufer's nephew [[Landulf VI of Benevento|Landulf]] personally traveled to Salerno to meet with Guaimar and negotiate the return of Daufer. Daufer was returned with the promise that his choice of a monastic vocation would be respected.
 
In 1048, Pandulf, once again prince of Capua, was at war with Guaimar. On the death in that year of Rainulf II of Aversa (Rainulf Trincanocte), his succeeding son [[Herman, Count of Aversa|Herman]], an infant, required a regent. The first appointment, Bellebouche, was a failure. [[Richard I of Capua|Richard Drengot]], a cousin of Herman's, was then in a Melfitan prison for making war on Drogo. Guaimar soon procured his release and personally brought him to Aversa, where he was installed as regent, and later as count in his own right. Thus, Guaimar recaptured the allegiance of Aversa.
 
==Assassination==
At a synod in [[Benevento]] in July 1051, [[Pope Leo IX]] beseeched Guaimar and Drogo to stop the Norman incursions on church lands. Soon Drogo was assassinated, probably by a Byzantine conspiracy. The next year, on 3 June 1052, Guaimar too was assassinated in the harbour of his capital. The four assassins were the brothers of his wife Gemma. Guaimar's brother [[Pandulf of Capaccio]] was also killed, but Guy of Sorrento escaped while Guaimar's sister and niece were locked up. The brothers-in-law seized the city and elected [[Pandulf III of Salerno|Pandulf]], eldest among them, prince.
 
Guy fled to the Normans and soon the four conspirators were besieged in Salerno by a large Norman force and Guy's Sorrentine army. The assassins' families soon fell into their enemies' hands and they negotiated their release by releasing Gisulf, Guaimar's son and heir, to Guy. Guy accepted their surrender soon after, promising not to harm them. The Normans, however, who maintained they were not bound by Guy's oath, massacred the four brothers and thirty-six others, one for each stab wound found in Guaimar's body. Thus the Normans showed their loyalty to Guaimar even after his death.
 
Guaimar's legacy includes his dominion, either by conquest or otherwise, over Salerno, Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, Sorrento, Apulia, Calabria, and Capua at one time or another. He was the last great Lombard prince of the south, but perhaps he is best known for his character, which the [[John Julius Norwich|Lord Norwich]] sums up nicely: "...without once breaking a promise or betraying a trust. Up to the day he died his honour and good faith had never once been called in question."<ref>Norwich, 88.</ref>
 
==Family==
Guaimar married Gemma, a daughter of the Capuan Count Laidulf. They were married before 1032. They had six sons, five of whom outlived them, and at least four daughters.
 
In 1037, Guaimar had made his eldest son John co-prince as [[John IV of Salerno|John IV]], but John died in 1039. Guaimar was succeeded by his second son [[Gisulf II of Salerno|Gisulf II]] (co-prince since 1042), whom the Normans put under their protection. His third son was Landulf, Lord of [[Policastro]]. His fourth son Guy was an ally of [[Robert Guiscard]]. His fifth son was [[John, Abbot of Curte]]. His youngest son, [[Guaimar V of Salerno|Guaimar]], co-ruled with his brother Gisulf.
 
Guaimar's eldest daughter was [[Sichelgaita]], who married Robert Guiscard. His younger daughter was [[Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV|Gaitelgrima]], whom he married to Drogo after William's death. She brought with her a large dowry. She married twice more: to [[Robert, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo]], and to a Count Alfred. [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], Drogo's brother and successor, is said to have married a daughter of Guaimar's, often assumed to be the widow of his brother, but this is impossible. Also, [[Jordan I of Capua]] is said to have married a woman named "Gatteclina", a sister of Sichelgaita.
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==Kaynaklar==
* Gwatkin, H. M., Whitney, J. P. (ed) et al. ''The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III''. [[Cambridge Üniversitesi]] Yayınevi, 1926.
Satır 75 ⟶ 43:
[[Kategori:1013 doğumlular]]
[[Kategori:1052 yılında ölenler]]
 
[[Kategori:Lombard asıllı kişiler]]
 
[[Kategori:11. yüzyılda İtalyanlar]]
[[Kategori:Suikast sonucu ölen İtalyanlar]]
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