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17. satır:
<blockquote>[A] condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are centered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly ''believes''. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it ''orients'' the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behavior...False Memory Syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously ''avoids confrontation with any evidence'' that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and ''resistant'' to correction. The person may become so focused on memory that he or she may be effectively ''distracted'' from coping with the real problems in his or her life.{{sfn|McHugh|2008|pp=67–68}} <small>Emphasis in original</small></blockquote>
FMS is controversial.<ref name="Dallam">{{
"Planted memories" differ from false memories in that the sufferer was very suggestible following or during [[hypnotherapy]]. [[Medical ethics]] forbid the practice. The sufferer may not be able to tell which memories are genuine and which are not. [[Confabulation]] resultant from the planting of these memories resolves temporary conflicts in the sufferer's mind but chronic damage may become permanently disabling, resulting in one or more [[personality disorders]].{{Citation needed | date = May 2010}}
29. satır:
[[Memory consolidation]] becomes a critical element of false memory and recovered memory syndromes. Once stored in the [[hippocampus]], the memory may last for years or even for life, regardless that the memorized event never actually took place. [[Fixation (psychology)|Obsession]] to a particular false memory, planted memory, or indoctrinated memory can shape a person's actions or even result in [[delusional disorder]].
Mainstream psychiatric and psychological professional associations now harbor strong skepticism towards the notion of recovered memories of trauma. They{{who|date=September 2011}} argue that self-help books, such as ''[[The Courage to Heal]]'', and recovered memory therapists can influence adults to develop false memories{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}. According to this theory, psychologists and psychiatrists may accidentally implant these false memories.{{Citation needed | date = April 2008}} The [[American Psychiatric Association]] and [[American Medical Association]] condemn such practices, whether they are formally called "Recovered Memory Therapy" or simply a collection of techniques that fit the description. In 1998, the Royal College of Psychiatrists Working Group on Reported Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse wrote:<ref>{{
<blockquote><p>No evidence exists for the repression and recovery of verified, severely traumatic events, and their role in symptom formation has yet to be proved. There is also striking absence in the literature of well-corroborated cases of such repressed memories recovered through psychotherapy. Given the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse, even if only a small proportion are repressed and only some of them are subsequently recovered, there should be a significant number of corroborated cases. In fact there are none.</p></blockquote>
36. satır:
== Evidence for ==
Human [[memory]] is created and highly suggestible, and a wide variety of innocuous, embarrassing and frightening memories can be falsely created through the use of different techniques, including guided imagery, hypnosis and suggestion by others. Though not all individuals who are exposed to these techniques will develop memories, experiments suggest a significant number of people will, and will actively defend the existence of the events, even if told they were false and deliberately implanted. The questions about the possibility of false memories created an explosion of interest in suggestibility of human memory and resulted in an enormous increase in the knowledge about how memories are [[encoding (memory)|encoded]], [[storage (memory)|stored]] and [[recall (memory)|recalled]], producing pioneering experiments such as the [[lost in the mall technique]].<ref>{{cite book | pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=m8qMjPF1NYAC&pg=PA123 123–30] | last = Schacter | first = DL | title = [[The Seven Sins of Memory|The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers]] | publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-618-21919-6 }}</ref> In Roediger and McDermott's (1995) experiment, subjects were presented with a list of related items (such as candy, sugar, honey) to study. When asked to recall the list, participants were just as, if not more, likely to recall semantically related words (such as sweet) than items that were actually studied, thus creating false memories.<ref>{{
== Court cases ==
42. satır:
The question of the accuracy and dependability of a [[repressed memory]] that someone has later recalled has contributed to some investigations and court cases, including cases of alleged [[sexual abuse]] or [[child sexual abuse]](CSA).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/rmt_reli.htm | title = Are Recovered Memories Reliable? | publisher = Religioustolerance.org | date = | accessdate = 2010-12-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/loftus.htm |author=Colleen Born | title = Elizabeth Loftus | publisher = Muskingum.edu | date = | accessdate = 2010-12-12 }}</ref> Some such recollections have been supported by enough corroborating evidence to enable successful prosecution,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Taubman_Center/Recovmem/ | title = The Recovered Memory Project | publisher = Brown.edu | date = 1993-05-03 | accessdate = 2010-12-12 }}</ref> while others have been deemed [[confabulation]]s or "false memories" that were not legally admissible.{{Citation needed | date = January 2008}}
The defense in sexual abuse cases may offer their own "expert testimony to counter the plaintiff's scientific evidence that the mind can avoid or repress traumatic information and then recall it years later." Murphy believes that there is "overwhelming evidence that the mind is capable of repressing traumatic memories of child sexual abuse."<ref>{{Cite news| last = Murphy | first = W. | title = Debunking 'false memory'myths in sexual abuse cases | url = http://www.smith-lawfirm.com/Murphy_Memory_Article.html | accessdate = 2008-01-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080107073650/http://www.smith-lawfirm.com/Murphy_Memory_Article.html |archivedate = 2008-01-07 }}</ref> Whitfield states that the "false memory" defense is "seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous." He states that this defense has been created by "accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates" to try to "negate their abusive, criminal behavior."<ref>{{
=== Malpractice cases ===
During the late 1990s, there were multiple lawsuits in the United States in which psychiatrists and psychologists were successfully sued, or settled out of court, on the charge of propagating [[iatrogenic]] memories of [[childhood sexual abuse]], [[incest]] and [[satanic ritual abuse]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p991201a.html | title = Recovered Memory Lawsuit Sparks Litigation | publisher = Psychiatrictimes.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-12-12 }}</ref>
Some of these suits were brought by individuals who later deemed their [[recovered memories]] of incest and/or satanic ritual abuse to be false. The [[False Memory Syndrome Foundation]] uses the term "retractors" to describe these individuals and have shared their stories publicly.<ref>{{cite book | isbn = 0-88667-045-4 |chapterurl = http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/retracts/macdonald.shtml | year = 1999 | publisher = Laurentian University Press | title = Making of an Illness: My Experience with Multiple Personality Disorder | last = Macdonald | first = G | page = 111 |chapter-url=Women Against Women }}</ref> There is debate regarding the total number of retractions as compared to the total number of allegations,<ref name="Whitfield">{{cite book | last = Whitfield M.D. | first = Charles L. | title = Memory and Abuse – Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma | publisher = Health Communications, Inc | year = 1995 |location=Deerfield Beach, FL | page = [http://books.google.com/books?id=z1LW3u1e04YC&pg=PA83 83] | isbn = 1-55874-320-0 }}</ref> and the reasons for retractions.<ref name="Summit">{{
== See also ==
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