Ekonomik eşitsizlik

Ekonomik eşitsizlik bir gruptaki bireylerin, bir popülasyonu oluşturan grupların ya da ülkelerin arasındaki ekonomik refah seviyesinde farklılıklar bulunması durumunu tanımlar. Ekonomik eşitsizlik ifadesi gelir eşitsizliği, servet eşitsizliği, ya da zenginlik boşluğu olarak da ifade edilebilir. Ekonomistler genellikle ekonomik eşitsizliğe üç kriteri ölçü alarak yaklaşır: servet, gelir ve tüketim. Ekonomik eşitsizlik sorunu eşitlik, eşitlik çıktısı ve eşitlik fırsatı kavramları ile ilişkilidir.

Dünya genelindeki gelir eşitliğindeki farklılıklardır, ölçüm aracı Gini katsayısıdır. "Gini katsayısı 0 ile 1 arasında olan bir değerdir. 0 mükemmel eşitliği ifade ederken (herkesin aynı gelire sahip olması durumu) 1 ise mükemmel eşitsizliği tanımlar (bir kişinin tüm gelire sahip olurken diğer hiçbir kimsenin gelir elde edememesi durumu)

Ekonomik eşitsizlik; toplumlar, tarihsel dönemler, ekonomik yapılar ve ekonomik sistemler arasında değişiklikler gösterir. Bu eşitsizlik, gelirin ya da servetin herhangi bir periyottaki yatay seyri ve gelir ya da servetin uzun süreler içerisindeki değişimi anlamını taşır. Ekonomik eşitsizliği ölçmek için birçok sayısal endeks mevcut olup en yaygın olarak kullanılan ise Gini katsayısı'dır.

Bazı çalışmalar, ekonomik eşitsizliğin toplumsal bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur Örneğin, Yüksek değerdeki eşitsizlik yıkıcı olabilir, çünkü bu eşitsizlik uzun vadeli büyümeye engel olacaktır. Yüksek değerdeki gelir eşitliği de aynı şekilde yıkıcıdır, çünkü verimliliği azaltır, risk alma ve servet edinme isteğini köreltir.

Eşitsizliğin deneysel (amprik) ölçümü

Ekonomistler, ekonomik dağılımı ölçerken genellikle üç metriği dikkate alır: servet, gelir ve tüketim. Profesyonel bir uzmanın öğrencilik döneminde düşük serveti ve düşük geliri olabilir ve kariyer sürecinde düşük servet ve yüksek gelir, kariyer sonrasında ise yüksek servet ve düşük geliri olur. İnsanların tercihleri kazançlarını hemen tüketmeyi ya da tüketimi geleceğe saklama alternatifini belirler. Bu ayrım ekonomi seviyesinde ayrıca önemlidir:

• Bazı ülkelerin yüksek derece gelir eşitsizliği ve buna kıyasla düşük derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; Japonya ve İtalya
• Bazı ülkelerin nispeten düşük derecede gelir eşitsizliği ancak buna kıyasla yüksek derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; İsveç ve Danimarka

Ölçümler

Küresel servet dağılımı tahminleri

The following table displays the wealth patterns within countries. The table was created from information provided by the Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", published 2013.

Country Adults Thousands Mean wealth per adult USD Median wealth per adult USD Distribution of adults (%) by wealth range (USD) Gini % under 10K 10K – 100K 100K – 1M > 1M Total Danimarka 4,190 255,066 57,675 39.5 17 37.8 5.7 100 107.7 Rusya Federasyonu 110,365 10,976 871 93.7 5.6 0.6 0.1 100 93.1 Ukrayna 35,912 3,413 419 97.4 2.3 0.2 0 100 90 Kazakistan 10,958 7,161 1,176 93.1 6.3 0.6 0.1 100 86.7 Lübnan 2,953 30,868 6,076 66.8 29.8 3.2 0.3 100 86.3 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 239,279 301,140 44,911 30.7 33 30.7 5.5 100 85.1 Zimbabve 6,690 2,913 479 93.9 5.8 0.3 0 100 83.8 Türkiye 51,687 25,909 5,326 67 30.3 2.5 0.2 100 83.7 Güney Afrika 31,034 19,613 3,051 72.3 24.9 2.6 0.1 100 83.6 Hong-Kong, Çin 6,052 153,312 32,384 30.3 49.7 18.3 1.7 100 83.1 Filipinler 56,730 8,799 1,849 88.1 11.1 0.8 0.1 100 82.9 Endonezya 157,869 11,839 2,393 81.1 17.6 1.3 0.1 100 82.8 Tayland 49,642 7,772 1,855 90.5 8.8 0.6 0 100 82.6 Venezuela 18,991 6,900 1,505 90.9 8.5 0.6 0 100 82.5 Brezilya 135,385 23,278 5,117 66.6 30.5 2.7 0.2 100 82.1 Malezya 18,382 27,007 5,831 61.4 35.3 3.1 0.2 100 81.5 Şili 12,461 49,032 11,742 45 48 6.6 0.4 100 81.4 Hindistan 767,612 4,706 1,040 94.4 5.2 0.3 0 100 81.3 İsviçre 6,101 512,562 95,916 5.2 46 38.8 10 100 80.6 İsveç 7,299 299,441 52,677 15.6 48.3 29.2 6.9 100 80.3 Mısır 52,710 7,285 1,852 90.4 9 0.6 0 100 80.3 Nijerya 80,462 3,620 894 94.9 4.9 0.3 0 100 80 Kolombiya 30,464 26,222 6,228 60.2 35.8 3.9 0.2 100 79.7 Seychelles 54 60,003 14,617 40 50 9.2 0.8 100 79.6 Arjantin 28,265 15,638 4,032 72.1 26.1 1.7 0.1 100 79.6 Suudi Arabistan 16,694 37,346 9,772 53.3 41.1 5.3 0.3 100 79.3 Namibia 1,256 19,899 4,531 67.5 28.3 4.2 0.1 100 78.7 İsrail 4,947 137,351 38,164 30 44.8 23.7 1.5 100 78.7 Comoros 388 2,872 670 93.8 6.1 0.2 0 100 78.7 Kıbrıs 694 119,568 34,874 23.8 56.3 18.6 1.4 100 78.3 Meksika 73,380 35,872 9,718 53.5 40.6 5.7 0.3 100 78 Norveç 3,733 380,473 92,859 19.4 32.5 40.6 7.5 100 77.8 Avusturya 6,761 203,931 57,450 28.2 31.8 37 3 100 77.8 Libya 4,291 28,397 6,563 58.1 35.7 6 0.1 100 77.7 Botswana 1,181 10,348 2,649 81 17.6 1.4 0 100 77.2 Almanya 67,068 192,232 49,370 29 33.3 35.1 2.6 100 77.1 Haiti 5,813 3,532 960 92.3 7.5 0.2 0 100 76.1 Angola 9,273 14,708 3,934 69.1 28.8 2.1 0 100 75.6 Central African Republic 2,370 800 241 99.1 0.9 0 0 100 74.8 Bolivia 5,800 4,604 1,368 89.3 10.4 0.3 0 100 74.4 Zambia 6,151 1,817 548 96.8 3.2 0 0 100 74.1 Czech Republic 8,437 44,975 15,541 40 53.2 6.4 0.3 100 74 Singapore 3,955 281,764 90,466 20 34.2 41.4 4.4 100 73.9 Kuwait 2,291 119,101 42,897 21.8 55.5 21.5 1.2 100 73.8 Poland 30,255 26,056 9,109 55 41.5 3.3 0.1 100 73.7 Taiwan 18,359 151,752 53,336 22.5 45.1 30.8 1.7 100 73.6 Netherlands 12,914 185,588 83,631 23.3 30.9 43.6 2.2 100 73.2 Belize 188 9,998 3,130 76.3 22.6 1.1 0 100 73.1 Suriname 344 14,250 4,544 68.8 29.6 1.6 0 100 73 Nicaragua 3,424 3,432 1,147 92.5 7.3 0.1 0 100 73 Romania 16,692 14,044 5,137 69.3 29.2 1.4 0.1 100 73 Lesotho 1,079 3,457 1,105 92.4 7.5 0.1 0 100 72.9 Paraguay 3,910 10,934 3,726 73.2 25.6 1.3 0 100 72.8 Swaziland 628 4,360 1,393 90 9.8 0.2 0 100 72.7 Panama 2,322 22,292 7,509 57.3 38.5 4.2 0 100 72.7 Rwanda 5,306 723 245 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 72.7 Sao Tome and Principe 86 2,721 959 94.3 5.7 0.1 0 100 72.7 Canada 27,173 251,034 90,252 30 21.5 44.9 3.7 100 72.7 Korea 38,350 79,475 30,938 25.3 59.5 14.5 0.7 100 72.6 Papua New Guinea 3,752 8,470 2,821 81.1 18 0.8 0 100 72.4 Cape Verde 295 16,313 5,478 65 32.5 2.5 0 100 72.3 Antigua and Barbuda 63 19,011 6,281 58.8 38.3 3 0 100 72.2 Costa Rica 3,246 28,124 9,532 54.1 40.2 5.7 0.1 100 72.2 Dominica 50 24,086 8,349 55 40.3 4.7 0.1 100 72 St. Kitts and Nevis 34 23,613 8,185 56.3 39.1 4.6 0.1 100 71.9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 71 10,196 3,492 73.8 25.1 1.1 0 100 71.9 Grenada 67 14,473 5,017 67.5 30.7 1.7 0 100 71.9 New Zealand 3,234 182,548 76,607 25.6 34.1 38.1 2.3 100 71.8 Ecuador 8,723 12,350 4,403 69.8 28.8 1.4 0 100 71.4 El Salvador 3,738 12,039 4,483 70 28.7 1.3 0 100 71 Ireland 3,488 183,804 75,573 20.9 36.5 40.4 2.2 100 70.9 Kenya 20,757 2,843 1,049 94.2 5.7 0.1 0 100 70.9 Oman 1,872 48,415 18,152 40 47.8 12 0.2 100 70.8 Peru 18,865 18,227 6,705 58.5 38.9 2.6 0 100 70.8 Gambia 908 864 324 99.2 0.8 0 0 100 70.8 Congo-Brazzaville 2,024 3,892 1,420 91.2 8.6 0.1 0 100 70.8 United Arab Emirates 3,777 126,791 51,882 20 50.6 28.2 1.3 100 70.5 Qatar 1,278 153,294 58,237 25 38.3 35 1.7 100 70.5 Portugal 8,614 89,074 38,846 25.8 54.8 18.7 0.8 100 70.1 Mozambique 11,441 811 313 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 70 Jamaica 1,719 11,401 4,393 70 28.8 1.2 0 100 69.9 Uruguay 2,400 47,002 17,998 39.6 48.3 11.9 0.2 100 69.8 Uganda 15,107 750 294 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 69.6 DR Congo 31,854 321 124 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 69.6 China 998,254 22,230 8,023 58.4 39.1 2.4 0.1 100 69.5 Madagascar 10,359 448 177 99.8 0.2 0 0 100 69.4 Guyana 474 3,801 1,506 91.6 8.3 0.1 0 100 69.2 Fiji 523 6,473 2,630 85 14.6 0.4 0 100 69 France 48,124 295,933 141,850 21.7 22.9 50.8 4.6 100 69 Barbados 200 22,289 8,108 55 41.5 3.5 0 100 69 Eritrea 2,781 2,125 875 96.3 3.7 0 0 100 68.9 Macedonia 1,561 11,543 4,743 69.3 29.6 1.1 0 100 68.8 Sierra Leone 2,897 681 273 99.6 0.4 0 0 100 68.8 Ghana 13,501 1,811 743 97.7 2.3 0 0 100 68.6 St. Lucia 119 13,087 5,296 66.3 32.5 1.2 0 100 68.5 Tunisia 7,452 21,084 8,823 55 41.5 3.5 0 100 68.2 Gabon 869 21,860 9,240 55 41.3 3.7 0 100 68.2 Solomon Islands 298 9,868 4,261 73.8 25.3 1 0 100 68.1 Morocco 21,355 11,398 4,750 70 28.9 1.1 0 100 68.1 Côte d'Ivoire 11,501 2,640 1,104 95 4.9 0.1 0 100 68.1 Sri Lanka 14,326 5,033 2,101 87.9 11.9 0.2 0 100 68 Turkmenistan 3,352 36,570 15,305 40 52.1 7.8 0.1 100 68 Georgia 3,172 21,640 9,178 54.7 41.8 3.5 0 100 68 Togo 3,693 2,450 1,049 95.6 4.3 0 0 100 67.9 United Kingdom 48,220 243,570 111,524 18 28.8 50 3.2 100 67.7 Mauritania 1,832 1,967 865 97 3 0 0 100 67.7 Burkina Faso 7,721 1,273 543 98.7 1.3 0 0 100 67.7 Djibouti 508 3,465 1,488 92.8 7.2 0.1 0 100 67.5 Chad 5,485 1,131 483 99 1 0 0 100 67.5 Trinidad and Tobago 987 15,088 6,459 60 38.5 1.5 0 100 67.4 Malawi 7,417 207 89 100 0 0 0 100 67.3 Guinea 5,301 882 380 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 67.3 Iceland 253 211,592 104,733 20 30 47.3 2.7 100 67.3 Tonga 54 15,905 7,217 58.8 39.8 1.5 0 100 67.2 Senegal 6,423 2,597 1,125 95.3 4.7 0 0 100 67.2 Cameroon 10,459 2,603 1,115 95.2 4.8 0 0 100 67.2 Vanuatu 138 6,068 2,753 85 14.7 0.3 0 100 67.1 Benin 4,733 3,187 1,398 93.6 6.3 0.1 0 100 67.1 Samoa 92 34,537 15,132 40 53 6.9 0.1 100 67 Cambodia 9,151 2,644 1,155 95 4.9 0 0 100 67 Yemen 12,192 4,951 2,193 88.3 11.6 0.2 0 100 66.8 Iran 53,270 8,727 3,846 75 24.4 0.6 0 100 66.8 Liberia 2,118 2,173 987 96.5 3.5 0 0 100 66.7 Tanzania 22,038 951 423 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 66.6 Laos 3,618 5,393 2,411 86.7 13.1 0.2 0 100 66.5 Lithuania 2,537 23,411 10,635 47.5 48.5 3.9 0 100 66.5 Myanmar 34,180 2,214 941 97 3 0 0 100 66.4 Finland 4,195 171,821 95,095 29 22.3 47.2 1.6 100 66.4 Maldives 210 5,556 2,480 85 14.8 0.2 0 100 66.3 Bahamas 242 41,106 17,842 35 55.9 9 0.1 100 66.2 Spain 37,206 123,997 63,306 17.4 52.4 29 1.1 100 66.1 Mongolia 1,855 14,214 6,433 61.1 37.6 1.3 0 100 66.1 Syrian Arab Republic 13,352 7,073 3,198 82.7 16.9 0.4 0 100 66 Latvia 1,787 24,285 11,338 45 50.9 4 0 100 66 Greece 9,105 102,971 53,937 20.4 53.7 25.1 0.8 100 65.9 Jordan 3,858 14,364 6,589 60.3 38.3 1.4 0 100 65.9 Kyrgyz Republic 3,568 5,385 2,432 85.9 13.9 0.2 0 100 65.9 Viet Nam 61,765 4,857 2,215 87.8 12 0.2 0 100 65.8 West Bank and Gaza 1,739 8,979 4,200 73.1 26.3 0.6 0 100 65.8 Equatorial Guinea 365 19,525 9,130 55 42.6 2.4 0 100 65.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,985 11,173 5,139 68.2 30.9 0.9 0 100 65.8 Luxembourg 390 315,240 182,768 15 22.5 57 5.5 100 65.7 Estonia 1,055 33,701 15,724 40 53.3 6.6 0.1 100 65.7 Guinea-Bissau 836 424 199 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 65.7 Albania 2,237 9,450 4,451 72.7 26.6 0.7 0 100 65.6 Niger 7,014 937 434 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 65.5 Algeria 23,982 10,100 4,673 70 29.2 0.7 0 100 65.5 Sudan 23,811 1,291 595 98.9 1.1 0 0 100 65.4 Burundi 4,729 293 137 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 65.2 Azerbaijan 6,276 16,344 7,721 57.1 41.4 1.5 0 100 65.1 Croatia 3,498 26,551 12,639 41.2 54.1 4.7 0 100 65.1 Italy 49,117 241,383 138,653 20 20.5 56.5 3 100 65 Mali 6,464 955 455 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 64.7 Moldova 2,692 3,854 1,874 91.8 8.1 0.1 0 100 64.7 Nepal 17,273 1,998 951 97.7 2.3 0 0 100 64.7 Bangladesh 104,135 1,894 908 97.9 2.1 0 0 100 64.6 Mauritius 935 37,308 19,247 40 52.5 7.4 0.1 100 64.5 Hungary 7,915 28,379 14,068 40 55 4.9 0 100 64 Armenia 2,263 5,613 2,793 85.5 14.3 0.2 0 100 63.9 Tajikistan 4,022 3,168 1,581 94.3 5.7 0.1 0 100 63.8 Pakistan 106,365 4,248 2,106 90.8 9 0.1 0 100 63.8 Ethiopia 42,750 411 207 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 63.6 Australia 16,617 402,578 219,505 6.9 23.7 62.6 6.8 100 63.6 Japan 104,315 216,694 110,294 9.2 37.7 50.6 2.5 100 63.5 Montenegro 467 21,340 10,929 45 52.6 2.4 0 100 63.4 Belgium 8,387 255,573 148,141 17.4 22.1 57.3 3.2 100 62.6 Serbia 7,527 15,175 7,978 56.8 42 1.3 0 100 62.5 Bulgaria 5,991 16,818 8,825 55.2 43.4 1.4 0 100 62.5 Belarus 7,543 2,407 1,271 96.8 3.1 0 0 100 62.2 Malta 330 71,448 42,898 18.8 65 15.9 0.3 100 59.5 Bahrain 571 44,822 26,675 28.7 60 11.2 0 100 58.5 Brunei Darussalam 286 51,373 31,527 26.2 58.7 15 0 100 58.5 Slovenia 1,655 64,067 44,932 19.4 60.6 19.9 0.1 100 53.5 Slovakia 4,303 27,224 20,740 19.8 77.8 2.4 0 100 44.7

Nedenler

Toplum içindeki ekonomik eşitsizlik için pek çok neden vardır. Son dönemlerdeki gelir eşitsizliğindeki artışın - OECD ülkeleri için -temel nedeni maaş ve ücretlerdeki eşitsizliktir.

Ekonomik kalkınma

Kuznet eğrisi

Finansal endüstri

Jamie Galbraith geniş finans sektörüne sahip ülkelerde ekonomik eşitsizliğin daha yüksek olduğunu ve finans sektörü hacmi ile eşitsizlik arasındaki bağlantının tesadüf olmadığını savunur.

Etkiler

Rio de Janeiro'daki bu binalardaki farklılık ekonomik eşitsizliğin göstergesidir.

Ekonomik büyüme

Berg and Ostry of the International Monetary Fund found that of the factors affecting the duration of growth spells (not the rate of growth) in developed and developing countries, income equality is more beneficial than trade openness, sound political institutions, or foreign investment.

Bakış açıları

Ayrıca bakınız

• Ekonomik eşitlik

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Kitaplar

• Atkinson, Anthony B.; Bourguignon, François (2000). Handbook of income distribution. Amsterdam New York: Elvesier. ISBN 9780444816313. Handbook of income distribution. Amsterdam New York: Elvesier. ISBN 9780444816313.
• Atkinson, Anthony B. (2015). Inequality: What Can Be Done? 2 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674504763
• Barro, Robert J.; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (2003) [1995]. Economic growth (2.2isbn=9780262025539 bas.). Massachusetts: MIT Press. Economic growth (2nd ed.). Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262025539.
• Deneulin, Séverine; Shahani, Lila (2009). An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency. Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre. ISBN 9781844078066. An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency. Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre. ISBN 9781844078066.
• Giddens, Anthony; Diamond, Patrick (2005). The new egalitarianism. Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Polity. ISBN 9780745634319. The new egalitarianism. Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Polity. ISBN 9780745634319.
• Gilens, Martin (2012). Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton, New Jersey New York: Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780691162423. Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton, New Jersey New York: Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780691162423.
• Lambert, Peter J. (2001). The distribution and redistribution of income (3.3isbn=9780719057328 bas.). Manchester New York New York: Manchester University Press Palgrave. The distribution and redistribution of income (3rd ed.). Manchester New York New York: Manchester University Press Palgrave. ISBN 9780719057328.
• Lynn, Richard; Vanhanen, Tatu (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 9780275975104. IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 9780275975104.
• Merino, Noël, (Ed.) (2016). Income inequality. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 9780737775259. Income inequality. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 9780737775259.
• Page, Benjamin I.; Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2009). Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226644554. Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226644554.
• Salverda, Wiemer; Nolan, Brian; Smeeding, Timothy M. (2009). The Oxford handbook of economic inequality. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199231379. The Oxford handbook of economic inequality. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199231379.
• Schmidtz, David (2006). The elements of justice. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521539364. The elements of justice. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521539364.
• Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198297581. Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198297581.
• Sen, Amartya; Foster, James E. (1997). On economic inequality. Radcliffe Lectures. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198281931. On economic inequality. Radcliffe Lectures. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198281931.
• von Braun, Joachim; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio (2008). Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor. New Delhi Washington D.C: Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 9780195695281. Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor. New Delhi Washington D.C: Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 9780195695281.
• von Mises, Ludwig (1998). "Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle". von Mises, Ludwig (Ed.). Human action: a treatise on economics. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig Von Mises Institute. ss. 819-50. 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle". In von Mises, Ludwig. Human action: a treatise on economics 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig Von Mises Institute. pp. 819–50. ISBN 9780945466246
• Wilkinson, Richard G. (2005). The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier. Londra: Routledge. ISBN 9780415372695. The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415372695.
• Wilkinson, Richard G.; Pickett, Kate (2009). The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better. Londra: Allen Lane. ISBN 9781846140396. The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9781846140396.

Makaleler

• Alesina, Alberto; Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert (Ağustos 2004). "Inequality and Happiness: Are Americans and Europeans Different?". Journal of Public Economics. 88 (9–10). Elsevier. ss. 2009-42. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006. "Inequality and Happiness: Are Americans and Europeans Different?". Journal of Public Economics (Elsevier) 88 (9–10): 2009–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006.
• Andersen, Robert; Fetner, Tina (Ekim 2008). "Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies". American Journal of Political Science. 52 (4). Midwest Political Science Association. ss. 942-58. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x. JSTOR 25193859. "Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies". American Journal of Political Science (Midwest Political Science Association) 52 (4): 942–58. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x. JSTOR 25193859.
• Barro, Robert J. (Mayıs 1991). "Economic growth in a cross section of countries". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (2). Oxford Journals. ss. 407-43. doi:10.2307/2937943. "Economic growth in a cross section of countries". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford Journals) 106 (2): 407–43. doi:10.2307/2937943.
• Barro, Robert J. (Mart 2000). "Inequality and growth in a panel of countries". Journal of Economic Growth. 5 (1). Springer. ss. 5-32. doi:10.1023/A:1009850119329. "Inequality and growth in a panel of countries". Journal of Economic Growth (Springer) 5 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1023/A:1009850119329.
• Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). "The human development paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's ideas on capabilities". Feminist Economics. 9 (2-3). Taylor and Francis. ss. 301-17. doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980. "The human development paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's ideas on capabilities". Feminist Economics (Taylor and Francis) 9 (2-3): 301–17. doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.
• Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (Ocak 1993). "Income distribution and macroeconomics". Review of Economic Studies. 60 (1). Oxford Journals. ss. 35-52. doi:10.2307/2297811. JSTOR 2297811. "Income distribution and macroeconomics". Review of Economic Studies (Oxford Journals) 60 (1): 35–52. doi:10.2307/2297811. JSTOR 2297811.
• Kaldor, Nicholas (1955). "Alternative theories of distribution". Review of Economic Studies. 23 (2). Oxford Journals. ss. 83-100. doi:10.2307/2296292. JSTOR 2296292. 7 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Alternative theories of distribution". Review of Economic Studies (Oxford Journals) 23 (2): 83–100. doi:10.2307/2296292. JSTOR 2296292.
• Kenworthy, Lane (Kasım–Aralık 2010). "Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor". Challenge. 53 (6). Taylor and Francis. ss. 93-109. doi:10.2753/0577-5132530606. JSTOR 27896630. "Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor". Challenge (Taylor and Francis) 53 (6): 93–109. doi:10.2753/0577-5132530606. JSTOR 27896630. Pdf. 2 Nisan 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter (Ağustos 2005). "Sex, equality, and growth". Canadian Journal of Economics. 38 (3). Wiley. ss. 807-31. doi:10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x. "Sex, equality, and growth". Canadian Journal of Economics (Wiley) 38 (3): 807–31. doi:10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x. Similar paper from August 2002: Sex, equality, and growth (in that order)
• Maavak, Mathew (Aralık 2012). "Class warfare, anarchy and the future society". Journal of Futures Studies. 17 (2). Tamkang University Press. ss. 15-36. 24 Haziran 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Class warfare, anarchy and the future society" 24 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Journal of Futures Studies (Tamkang University Press) 17 (2): 15–36. Pdf.
• García-Peñalosa, Cecilia; Turnovsky, Stephen J. (Mart 2007). "Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 39 (2-3). Wiley. ss. 369-94. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x. "Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (Wiley) 39 (2-3): 369–94. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x. Pdf. 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Pigou, Arthur C. (1932) [1920], "Part I, Chapter VIII: Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend (section I.VIII.3)", Pigou, Arthur C. (Ed.), The economics of welfare (4.4oclc=302702 bas.), Londra: Macmillan and Co., 9 Kasım 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. ), London: Macmillan and Co., OCLC 302702.
• Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (Mayıs 2006). "The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 121 (2). Oxford Journals. ss. 351-97. doi:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351. JSTOR 25098796. "The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford Journals) 121 (2): 351–97. doi:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351. JSTOR 25098796.
• Seguino, Stephanie (1 Temmuz 2000). "Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis". World Development. 28 (7). ScienceDirect. ss. 1211-30. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8. "Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis". World Development (ScienceDirect) 28 (7): 1211–30. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8.
• Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011), "Recent trends in income inequality", Immervoll, Herwig; Peichl, Andreas; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (Ed.), Who loses in the downturn? Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ss. 1-50, ISBN 9780857247490. Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 1–50, ISBN 9780857247490. Pdf. 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

Also available as Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011). "Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". Research in Labor Economics (book series). Cilt 32. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ss. 1-50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004. "Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". Research in Labor Economics (book series) (Emerald Group Publishing Limited) 32: 1–50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004.

• Solow, Robert M. (Şubat 1956). "A contribution to the theory of economic growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 70 (1). Oxford Journals. ss. 65-94. doi:10.2307/1884513. JSTOR 1884513. "A contribution to the theory of economic growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford Journals) 70 (1): 65–94. doi:10.2307/1884513. JSTOR 1884513. Pdf. 11 Eylül 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Svizzero, Serge; Tisdell, Clem (2003). "Income inequality between skilled individuals". International Journal of Social Economics. 30 (11). Emerald. ss. 1118-30. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486. "Income inequality between skilled individuals". International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald) 30 (11): 1118–30. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486.

Çalışmalar

• Burkhauser, R. V.; Feng, S.; Jenkins, S. P. (2009). "Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults". Review of Income and Wealth. 55 (1). ss. 166-85. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x. 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults" 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Review of Income and Wealth 55 (1): 166–85. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x.
• Dollar, David; Gatti, Roberta (Mayıs 1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. OCLC 43703722. 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. OCLC 43703722. Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.
• Ravallion, Martin (2005). World Bank, 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, A poverty-inequality trade-off?
• Sawhill, Isabel. "Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society? 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi." The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.
• Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States" 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.
• Uslaner, Eric.; Mitchell, Brown. (2002). "Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" (PDF). 1 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" 27 Eylül 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (PDF).
• Voitchovsky, Sarah. "The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.." Working paper.

Dış bağlantılar

• Media related to Economic inequality at Wikimedia Commons
• Levy, Frank (2008). "Distribution of Income". David R. Henderson (ed.) (Ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2.2yayıncı=Library of Economics and Liberty bas.). Indianapolis. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. 26 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. KB1 bakım: Fazladan yazı: editör listesi (link) "Distribution of Income" 26 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
• A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality 4 Şubat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator) 23 Ekim 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• The UC Atlas of Global Inequality explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics.
• Population Health Forum website 20 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality.
• Russell Sage Foundation. "Social Inequality". Working Papers. 29 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından (Web page) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2006. . Working Papers. Archived from (Web page) on May 29, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2006.
• Leigh, A.; Jencks, C. (2005). "Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries" (PDF). 27 Şubat 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2005. "Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries" 27 Şubat 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (PDF). Retrieved November 30, 2005.
• Clarkwest, A; Jencks, C. (2003). "Inequality and Mortality in Rich Countries: Who Owns the Null Hypothesis?" (PDF). 28 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2005.  (PDF). Archived from (PDF) on May 28, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2005.
• The Inequality Predicament 25 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005
• Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Understanding Income Inequality in the United States 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased? 15 Şubat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Accessed 2007-06-11.
• Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades 21 Ocak 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure
• Data from the Inequality Survey 3 Şubat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
• Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois
• Thomas Piketty's presentation Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run 12 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. based on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
• "Wealth Gap" – A Guide 29 Eylül 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (AP News – January 2014).
• Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know 27 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. Asian Development Bank
• As inequality soars, the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes 1 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. The Guardian. 23 January 2015.
• Asia’s Wealth Inequality Problem 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. The Diplomat. October 23, 2015.