II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında stratejik bombardımanlar

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında stratejik bombardıman
	II. Dünya Savaşı
	; Tidal Wave Operasyonu sırasında Romanya, Ploiesti'de Astra Romana arıtım evini bombalayıp kaçan bir B-24
Bölge	II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Avrupa Cephesi; II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Pasifik Okyanus Cephesi
Taraflar
Birleşik Krallık; ABD; Kanada; Avustralya	Almanya; Japonya; İtalya
Komutanlar ve liderler
Charles Portal; Richard Peirse; Arthur Harris; Hap Arnold; Carl Spaatz; Curtis LeMay ; Clifford McEwen	Hermann Göring; Albert Kesselring; Hugo Sperrle; Naruhiko Higashikuni; Masakazu Kawabe
Kayıplar
60595 İngiliz sivil; 160000 havacı (Avrupa); 500000'den fazla Sovyet sivil; 2691 havacı (Japonya); 260000–350934 Çinli sivil	Almanya'da 305000–600000 sivil, yabancı işçiler dahil; 330000–500000 Japon sivil; Müttefik bombardımanla öldürülen 50000 İtalyan Vichy Fransası'nda ABD-Birleşik Krallık bombardımanıyla öldürülen 67078 sivil

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında stratejik bombardıman, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında düşman bölgelerde demiryolları, limanlar, şehirler, işçi konutları ve sanayi bölgelerine yapılmış devamlı hava saldırıları. Stratejik bombardıman, kara kuvvetlerinin yakın hava desteğinden ve taktiksel hava gücünden ayrı bir askerî stratejidir.^[13]

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında birçok askerî hava gücü uzmanı, yalnızca askerî hedeflerden ziyade endüstriyel ve siyasi altyapılara saldırarak büyük zaferler kazanılabileceğine inanıyordu. Stratejik bombardıman çoğu zaman sivil yerleşim yerlerini bombalamayı da kapsıyordu, hatta bazen bombardıman operasyonları, korkutmak, düzenlerini altüst etmek ve olağan faaliyetlerini dağıtmak amacıyla kasten sivil halkları hedef alacak şekilde tasarlanıyordu. II. Dünya Savaşının başında uluslararası hukuk, daha önce I. Dünya Savaşı, İspanya İç Savaşı ve İkinci Çin-Japon Savaşı gibi savaşlar sırasında gerçekleşen bombardımanlara rağmen, şehir hava bombardımanını özel olarak yasaklamadı.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda stratejik bombardımanların Japon şehirlerine verdiği hasar^[14]
Şehir	Hasarlı alan %
Yokohama	58%
Tokyo	51%
Toyama	99%
Nagoya	40%
Osaka	35,1%
Nishinomiya	11,9%
Şimonoseki	37,6%
Kure	41,9%
Kobe	55,7%
Ōmuta	35,8%
Wakayama	50%
Kawasaki	36,2%
Okayama	68,9%
Yahata	21,2%
Kagoşima	63,4%
Amagasaki	18,9%
Sasebo	41,4%
Moji	23,3%
Miyakonojō	26,5%
Nobeoka	25,2%
Miyazaki	26,1%
Ube	20,7%
Saga	44,2%
Imabari	63,9%
Matsuyama	64%
Fukui	86%
Tokushima	85,2%
Sakai	48,2%
Hachiōji	65%
Kumamoto	31,2%
Isesaki	56,7%
Takamatsu	67,5%
Akashi	50,2%
Fukuyama	80,9%
Aomori	30%
Okazaki	32,2%
Ōita	28,2%
Hiratsuka	48,4%
Tokuyama	48,3%
Yokkaichi	33,6%
Ujiyamada	41,3%
Ōgaki	39,5%
Gifu	63,6%
Shizuoka	66,1%
Himeji	49,4%
Fukuoka	24,1%
Kōchi	55,2%
Shimizu	42%
Ōmura	33,1%
Chiba	41%
Ichinomiya	56,3%
Nara	69,3%
Tsu	69,3%
Kuwana	75%
Toyohashi	61,9%
Numazu	42,3%
Chōshi	44,2%
Kōfu	78,6%
Utsunomiya	43,7%
Mito	68,9%
Sendai	21,9%
Tsuruga	65,1%
Nagaoka	64,9%
Hitachi	72%
Kumagaya	55,1%
Hamamatsu	60,3%
Maebashi	64,2%

Ayrıca bakınız değiştir

Reich Savunması

Dış bağlantılar değiştir

The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality, BBC History 10 Ağustos 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (İngilizce)
Liverpool Blitz Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz. Liverpool Museums (İngilizce)
Coventry Blitz 14 Ağustos 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (İngilizce)
376th HBG Veterans Oral History Project at Ball State University^{[ölü/kırık bağlantı]} (İngilizce)
Allied Bombers and Crews – Life dergisinin slayt gösterisi (İngilizce)
Bombing Annotated bibliography for conventional bombing during World War II from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues (İngilizce)

Kaynakça değiştir

^ Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1. 17 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Mart 2009.
^ ^a ^b
White, Matthew. Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: United Kingdom. 20 Nisan 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2009.
- 60,000, John Keegan The Second World War (1989); "bombing"
- 60,000: Boris Urlanis, Wars and Population (1971)
- 60,595: Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War
- 60,600: John Ellis, World War II: a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing"
- 92,673, (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by bombing): Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."
- 92,673: Norman Davies,Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases
- 92,673: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;
- 100,000: William Eckhardt, a three-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."
The British kept accurate records during World War II SO 60,595 was the official death total with 30,248 for the British merchant mariners (most of whom are listed on the Tower Hill Memorial)
^ Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10 "The case against Area Bombing"". Peter Hore (Ed.). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. s. 176. ISBN 0-7146-5317-9. 23 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2015.
^ André Corvisier (1994). A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-16848-6. "Germany, air battle (1942–45)" by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312 15 Aralık 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
^ Hawley, Charles (11 Şubat 2005), "Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously", Der Spiegel, 17 Haziran 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2015
^ Kerr (1991), p. 276
^ Jennifer M. Lind (2010). "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics 9 Aralık 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.". Cornell University Press. p.28. ISBN 0-8014-7628-3
^ R.J. Rummel (31 Ağustos 2007). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers.
^
German Deaths by aerial bombardment (It is not clear if these totals includes Austrians, of whom about 24,000 were killed (see Austrian Press & Information Service, Washington, D.C; Wayback Machine (archived Nisan 20, 2006)) and other territories in the Third Reich but not in modern Germany)
- 600,000 about 80,000 were children in Hamburg, Juli 1943 25 Şubat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. in Der Spiegel SPIEGEL ONLINE 2003 (in German)
- Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. lists the following totals and sources:
- more than 305,000: (1945 Strategic Bombing Survey);
- 400,000: Hammond Atlas of the 20th century (1996)
- 410,000: R. J. Rummel, 100% democidal;
- 499,750: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;
- 593,000: John Keegan The Second World War (1989);
- 593,000: J. A. S. Grenville citing "official Germany" in A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1994)
- 600,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)
^
Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: Allies bombing of Japan 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. aşağıdaki toplamları ve kaynakları listemiştir.
- 330000: 1945 ABD Stratejik Bombardıman İncelemesi;
- 363000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);
- 374000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;
- 435000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)
- 500000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)
^ Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II 16 Ekim 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Oxford University Press. p.837. ISBN 0-19-860446-7
^ Olivier Wieviorka, "Normandy: the landings to the liberation of Paris" p.131
^ R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939-1945 (1980) pp. 8-14
^ Caidin, Martin (1960). A Torch to the Enemy: The Fire Raid on Tokyo (İngilizce). Bantam War Books. ISBN 0-553-29926-3.

[1] Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1. 17 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Mart 2009.

[White-2] White, Matthew. Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: United Kingdom. 20 Nisan 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2009.
60,000, John Keegan The Second World War (1989); "bombing"

60,000: Boris Urlanis, Wars and Population (1971)

60,595: Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War

60,600: John Ellis, World War II: a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing"

92,673, (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by bombing): Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."

92,673: Norman Davies,Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases

92,673: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;

100,000: William Eckhardt, a three-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."
The British kept accurate records during World War II SO 60,595 was the official death total with 30,248 for the British merchant mariners (most of whom are listed on the Tower Hill Memorial)

[3] 60,000, John Keegan The Second World War (1989); "bombing"

[4] 60,000: Boris Urlanis, Wars and Population (1971)

[5] 60,595: Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War

[6] 60,600: John Ellis, World War II: a statistical survey (Facts on File, 1993) "killed and missing"

[7] 92,673, (incl. 30,248 merchant mariners and 60,595 killed by bombing): Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing. "Killed, died of wounds, or in prison .... exclud[ing] those who died of natural causes or were suicides."

[8] 92,673: Norman Davies,Europe A History (1998) same as Britannica's war dead in most cases

[9] 92,673: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;

[10] 100,000: William Eckhardt, a three-page table of his war statistics printed in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard. "Deaths", including "massacres, political violence, and famines associated with the conflicts."

[3] Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10 "The case against Area Bombing"". Peter Hore (Ed.). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. s. 176. ISBN 0-7146-5317-9. 23 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2015.

[4] André Corvisier (1994). A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-16848-6. "Germany, air battle (1942–45)" by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312 15 Aralık 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

[Hawley-5] Hawley, Charles (11 Şubat 2005), "Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously", Der Spiegel, 17 Haziran 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2015

[6] Kerr (1991), p. 276

[7] Jennifer M. Lind (2010). "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics 9 Aralık 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.". Cornell University Press. p.28. ISBN 0-8014-7628-3

[8] R.J. Rummel (31 Ağustos 2007). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers.

[Germany-9] German Deaths by aerial bombardment (It is not clear if these totals includes Austrians, of whom about 24,000 were killed (see Austrian Press & Information Service, Washington, D.C; Wayback Machine (archived Nisan 20, 2006)) and other territories in the Third Reich but not in modern Germany)
600,000 about 80,000 were children in Hamburg, Juli 1943 25 Şubat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. in Der Spiegel SPIEGEL ONLINE 2003 (in German)

Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. lists the following totals and sources:

more than 305,000: (1945 Strategic Bombing Survey);

400,000: Hammond Atlas of the 20th century (1996)

410,000: R. J. Rummel, 100% democidal;

499,750: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;

593,000: John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

593,000: J. A. S. Grenville citing "official Germany" in A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1994)

600,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

[18] 600,000 about 80,000 were children in Hamburg, Juli 1943 25 Şubat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. in Der Spiegel SPIEGEL ONLINE 2003 (in German)

[19] Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. lists the following totals and sources:

[20] re than 305,000: (1945 Strategic Bombing Survey);

[21] 400,000: Hammond Atlas of the 20th century (1996)

[22] 410,000: R. J. Rummel, 100% democidal;

[23] 499,750: Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991;

[24] 593,000: John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

[25] 593,000: J. A. S. Grenville citing "official Germany" in A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1994)

[26] 600,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

[10] Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: Allies bombing of Japan 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. aşağıdaki toplamları ve kaynakları listemiştir.
330000: 1945 ABD Stratejik Bombardıman İncelemesi;

363000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

374000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;

435000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

500000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)

[28] 330000: 1945 ABD Stratejik Bombardıman İncelemesi;

[29] 363000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

[30] 374000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;

[31] 435000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

[32] 500000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)

[Oxford-11] Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II 16 Ekim 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Oxford University Press. p.837. ISBN 0-19-860446-7

[France-12] Olivier Wieviorka, "Normandy: the landings to the liberation of Paris" p.131

[13] R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939-1945 (1980) pp. 8-14

[autogenerated1-14] Caidin, Martin (1960). A Torch to the Enemy: The Fire Raid on Tokyo (İngilizce). Bantam War Books. ISBN 0-553-29926-3.

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