Centurio: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

'''Centurio''', ([[Yunanca]] κεντυρίων), aynı zamanda '''hecatontarch''' (Yunanca ἑκατόνταρχος ya da [[Bizans İmparatorluğu|Bizans]] döneminde κένταρχος) olarak da bilinen ve [[M.Ö. 107]] yılındaki [[Marian reformlarıReformları]]nın ardından ortaya çıkan bir lejyon rütbesi. Centurioların çoğu 80 askerden oluşan ''centuria''lara komuta ederdi ancak bazı kıdemli centuriolar [[Kohort]]lara komuta edebildiği gibi bazıları da lejyon içerisinde diğer önemli görevleri üstlenebilirdi.

Centurions took their title from the fact that they commanded a century. Centuries were so-called because they originally numbered roughly 100 men. Just after that they numbered 60 men each and were paired into [[Maniple (military unit)|maniples]], one with greater authority. After the Marian reforms, however, the standard establishment was set at 80 men.

In the [[AncientAntik RomeRoma|RomanRoma]] [[infantrypiyade]], centurions initially commanded a ''[[centuria]]'' or "century" of 100 men, then 60 and finally 80. During the Imperial era Centurions gradually rose in seniority in their cohort, commanding centuries with higher precedence, until commanding the senior century and therefore the whole cohort. The very best centurions were then promoted to become centurions in the First Cohort, called ''[[Primi Ordines]]'', commanding one of the ten centuries and also taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the 'Primus Pilus'' who commanded the first century.

The [[Primus Piluspilus]] was so called because his own century was the ''first file'' (''primus pilus'') of the first (rightmost) [[Cohort (military unit)|cohortKohort]]. Only eight officers in a fully officered legion outranked the ''Primus Pilus'': The legate (''[[legatus|legatus legionis]]''), commanding the legion; the senior tribune (''[[tribunus laticlavus]]''), second-in-command of the legion; the Camp Prefect (''[[Prefect|praefectus castrorum]]''); and the five other tribunes (''[[Tribün|tribuni angusticlavii]]'') who apparently served as senior staff officers to the legate with a rank roughly eqivalent to a modern colonel.

Centurions often suffered heavy casualties in battle, generally fighting alongside the [[legionarieslejyoner]] they commanded. They usually led from the front, occupying a position at the front right of the century formation. They led and inspired their men by example. They also sought to display the skill and courage that got them to their rank in the first place. It is for these reasons that they often suffered a disproportionate number of casualties.

The centurion was in charge of his century/cohort. Centurions were also tasked with the training of the [[legionarieslejyoner]]. They could often be merciless in their handling of this task, and were known for dealing out brutal punishments. While the Roman army was known for these harsh conditions, it paid off during battle when strict order and discipline could decide the outcome. This often allowed the Legions to succeed in battles where they faced a numerically superior army.

As commander, the centurion had the right to give awards to the men in his cohort, as well as to punish them, whenever necessary. The centurion's punishments could be very severe, and could include [[executionidam]].

A man in the Roman army who wanted to become a Centurion had to meet many qualifications. First, the man had to have several letters of recommendation from important people. Therefore, it would help if one trying for the position was befriended to several important [[senator]]s, or even the [[consulsKonsül]]/[[RomanRoma emperorİmparatoru|emperorİmparator]] themselves/himself (depending on the time period).