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27. satır:
* [[Easement]]s
 
In addition, there is paid agricultural labor —— under which someone works the land in exchange for money, payment in kind, or some combination of the two —— and various forms of collective ownership. The latter typically takes the form of membership in a [[cooperative]], or shares in a [[corporation]], which owns the land (typically by fee simple or its equivalent, but possibly under other arrangements). There are also various hybrids: in many [[communist state]]s, government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives.
 
Additionally there are, and have been, well-defined systems where neither land nor the houses people live in are their personal property (''[[Statare]]'', as defined in [[Scandinavia]]).
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==Land reform for poverty alleviation and food security==
Access to land is a crucial factor in the eradication of [[food security|food insecurity]] and rural [[poverty]]. The world's poorest people are usually land-poor; improved access to land provides shelter and food —— allowing a household to increase food consumption —— and may increase household income if surplus food is produced and sold. [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/006/j0415T/j0415T00.htm]
 
==Land reform efforts==
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*[[Mexico]]: a certain degree of land reform was introduced, albeit unevenly, as part of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. [[Emiliano Zapata]] was strongly identified with land reform, as are the present-day (as of 2006) [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]]. See [[Mexican Agrarian Land Reform]].
*[[Brazil]]: In the 1930s, [[Getúlio Vargas]] reneged on a promised land reform. Strong campaign including [[direct action]] by the [[Landless Workers' Movement]] throughout the 1990s. Current efforts under [[Lula da Silva]], Brazil's first elected leftwing president, inaugurated [[January 1]], [[2003]]
*[[Guatemala]]: land reform occurred during the [[History of Guatemala#The "Ten Years of Spring"|"Ten Years of Spring"]], 1944–19541944–1954 under the governments of [[Juan José Arévalo]] and [[Jacobo Arbenz]].
*[[Bolivia]]: The revolution of 1952 was followed by a land reform law, but in 1970 only 45% of peasant families had received title to land. Bolivian president [[Evo Morales]] restarted land reform when he took office in 2006.<ref>James Read, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5045424.stm Bolivia head starts land handout], BBC News, 4 June 2006. Accessed 20 July 2006.</ref>
*[[Peru]]: land reform in the 1950s largely eliminated a centuries-old system of [[debt bondage|debt peonage]]. Further land reform occurred after the 1968 coup by [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] colonel Juan Velasco Alvarado, and again as part of a [[counterterrorism]] effort against the [[Shining Path]] roughly 1988&ndash;19951988–1995, led by [[Hernando de Soto (economist)|Hernando de Soto]] and the [[Institute for Liberty and Democracy]] during the early years of the government of [[Alberto Fujimori]], before the latter's ''auto-[[coup]]''.
*[[Cuba]]: Land reform was among the chief planks of the revolutionary platform of 1959. Almost all large holdings were seized by the [[National Institute for Agrarian Reform]] (INRA), which dealt with all areas of agricultural policy. A ceiling of 166 acres (67 hectares) was established, and tenants were given full ownership rights.
*[[Chile]]: Attempts at land reform began under the government of [[Jorge Alessandri]] in 1960, were accelerated during the government of [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] (1964-1970), and reached its climax during the 1970-1973 presidency of [[Salvador Allende]]. Farms of more than 198 acres (80 hectares) were expropriated. After the [[Chilean coup of 1973|1973 coup]] the process was halted, and up to a point reversed by the market forces.
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*[[Finland]]: In 1918, Finland fought a [[Finnish Civil War|civil war]] resulting in a series of land reforms. These included the compensated transfer of lease-holdings (''torppa'') to the leasers and prohibition of forestry companies to acquire land. After the [[Second World War]], [[Carelia]]ns evacuated from areas ceded to Russia were given land in remaining Finnish areas, taken from public and private holdings. Also the veterans of war benefited from these allotments.
*[[France]]: a major and lasting land reform took place under the [[French Directory|Directory]] during the latter phases of the [[French Revolution]].
*[[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]: at their founding as states in 1918&ndash;19191918–1919, they expropriate the large estates of [[Baltic German]] landowners, much of which became smallholdings.
*[[Hungary]]: In 1945 every estate bigger than 142 acres was expropriated without compensation and distributed among the peasants. In the 1950s collective ownership was introduced according to the Soviet model, but after 1990 co-ops were dissolved and the land was redistributed among private smallholders.
*[[Ireland]]: after the [[Irish Famine]], land reform became the dominant issue in Ireland, where almost all of the land was owned by the [[England|English]] aristocracy. The [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] campaigned for this in a largely indifferent [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[House of Commons]]. Reform began tentatively in 1870 and continued for fifty years.
111. satır:
*[[Taiwan]]: In the years after [[World War II]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]] conducted land reform at the insistence of the U.S. This course of action was made possible, in part, by the fact that many of the large landowners were Japanese who had fled and also by the fact that the [[Kuomintang]] were mostly from the mainland and had few ties to the remaining indigenous landowners.
*[[Vietnam]]: In the years after World War II, even before the formal division of Vietnam, land reform was initiated in [[North Vietnam]]. This land reform redistributed land to more than 2 million poor peasants, but at a cost of from tens <ref>Communist Party of Vietnam, ''Kinh nghiệm giải quyết vấn đề ruộng đất trong cách mạng Việt Nam'' (Experience in land reform in the Vietnamese Revolution), available online: http://dangcongsan.vn/details.asp?topic=2&subtopic=5&leader_topic=79&id=BT1060374012</ref> to hundreds of thousands of lives<ref>''The Viet Minh Regime, Government and Administration in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam'', Bernard Fall, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1975.</ref> and was one of the main reason for the mass exodus of 1 million people from the North to the South in 1954. South Vietnam made several further attempts in the post-Diem years, the most ambitious being the [[Land to the Tiller (South Vietnam)|Land to the Tiller]] program instituted in 1970 by President [[Nguyen Van Thieu]]. This limited individuals to 15 hectares, compensated the owners of expropriated tracts, and extended legal title to peasants who in areas under control of the South Vietnamese government to whom had land had previously been distributed by the [[Viet Cong]]. Mark Moyar [1996] asserts that while it was effectively implemented only in some parts of the country, "In the Mekong Delta and the provinces around Saigon, the program worked extremely well... It reduced the percentage of total cropland cultivated by tenants from sixty percent to ten percent in three years." [http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/moyar.htm]
*[[South Korea]]: In 1945&ndash;19501945–1950, United States and South Korean authorities carried out a land reform that retained the institution of private property. They confiscated and redistributed all land held by the Japanese colonial government, Japanese companies, and individual Japanese colonists. The Korean government carried out a reform whereby Koreans with large landholdings were obliged to divest most of their land. A new class of independent, family proprietors was created. [http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/36.htm]
 
==See also==
168. satır:
[[hr:Agrarna reforma]]
[[ja:農地改革]]
[[no:Jordreform]]
[[pl:Reforma rolna]]
[[pt:Reforma agrária]]
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