Antik Roma yolları: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

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'''Antik Roma yollari''' [[Roma Imparatorlugu]]'nun buyuyup gelismesinde zorunlu bir unsur olmusdu. Bu yolla r nedeniyle Romalilar ordulari icin emniyetle ve hizla buyuk alanlar icinde hareket alani saglamislardir. Bu yollar ayni zamanda haberlesme iletisim icin elzem olmuslardir. Iktisadi bakimdan ise antik Roma yollari Roma yiyecek ve emtia ticaretinin gelismesinde ve cok genis bir alanda Roma mallarinin yayilip dagiltila bilmesine yol acmistir. Roma imparatorlugu'nun en paralak zamanlarinda antik Roma yollari agi 85.004 km ik karayollarini kapsmaktaydi ve 372 baglantidain olusmaktaydi.

 

Roman law defined the right to use a road as a ''servitus'', or claim. The ''jus eundi'' ("right of going") established a claim to use an ''iter'', or footpath, across private land; the ''ius agendi'' ("right of driving"), an ''actus'', or carriage track. A ''via'' combined both types of ''servitutes'', provided it was of the proper width, which was determined by an ''arbiter''. The default width was the ''latitudo legitima'' of 2.4 m (8 ft). In these rather dry laws we can see the prevalence of the public domain over the private, which characterized the republic.

 

With the conquest of Italy prepared ''viae'' were extended from Rome and its vicinity to outlying municipalities, sometimes overlying earlier roads. Building ''viae'' was a military responsibility and thus came under the jurisdiction of a consul. The process had a military name, ''viam munire'', as though the via were a fortification. Municipalities, however, were responsible for their own roads, which the Romans called ''viae vicinales''.

 

''Viae'' were generally centrally placed in the countryside. Features off the ''via'' were connected to the ''via'' by ''viae rusticae'', or secondary roads. Either main or secondary roads might be paved, or they might be left unpaved, with a gravel surface, as they were in North Africa. These prepared but unpaved roads were ''viae glareae'' or ''sternendae'' ("to be strewn"). Beyond the secondary roads were the ''viae terrenae'', "dirt roads". A road map of the empire reveals that it was laced fairly completely with a network of prepared ''viae''. Beyond the borders are no roads; however, one might presume that footpaths and dirt roads allowed some transport.

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===Yollarda seyahat===

====Mesafe taşları====

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Before 250 BC, the [[via Appia]], and after 124 BC, most viae, were divided into numbered miles by [[milestone]]s. The modern word mile derives in fact from the Latin ''milia passuum'', "one thousand [[pace (length)|pace]]s", which amounted to about 1,500&nbsp;m. A milestone, or ''miliarium'', was a circular column on a solid rectangular base, set for more than 60&nbsp;cm into the ground, standing 1.50&nbsp;m, 50&nbsp;cm in diameter, weighing more than 2 tons. At the base was inscribed the number of the mile relative to the road it was on. In a panel at eye-height was the distance to the [[Roman Forum]] and various other information about the officials who made or repaired the road and when. These miliaria are valuable historical documents now. Their inscriptions are collected in the volume XVII of the ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]''.

 

 

Milestones permitted distances and locations to be known and recorded exactly. It was not long before historians began to refer to the milestone at which an event occurred.

====Tasitlar====

 

 

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===Guzergah===

 

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==Yol yapimi==

===Metot===

 

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The libratores began their work. Using ploughs and legionaries with spades, they excavated the road bed down to bed rock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the ''fossa'', "ditch". The depth varied according to terrain.

 

 

The road was constructed by filling the ditch.This was done by layering rock over other stones. The method varied according to geographic locality, materials available and terrain, but the plan, or ideal at which the architect aimed was always the same. The roadbed was layered.

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The Roman road (from [[Cazane]] near [[Iron Gates]]) was half carved into the rock, about 1.5-1.75 m, the rest of the road, above the [[Danube]], was made from wooden structure, projecting out of the cliff. this road functioned as a towpath, making the Danube navigable. Roman architects preferred to engineer solutions to obstacles rather than circumvent them.

River crossings were achieved by bridges, or pontes. Single slabs went over rills. A bridge could be of wood, stone, or both. Wooden bridges were constructed on pilings sunk into the river, or on stone piers. Larger or more permanent bridges required arches. Roman bridges were so well constructed that many are in use today.

Causeways were built over marshy ground. The road was first marked out with pilings. Between them were sunk large quantities of stone so as to raise the causeway to more than 1.5&nbsp;m above the marsh. In the provinces, the Romans often did not bother with a stone causeway, but used log roads (pontes longi).

 

 

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There are many examples of roads that still follow the route of Roman roads.

 

 

===[[Italy]]===

====Major roads====

* [[Via Aemilia]], from [[Rimini|Ariminum]] to [[Piacenza|Placentia]]

 

===[[Romania]]===

*[[Trajan's bridge]] and [[Iron Gates]] road.

* Via Traiana — Porolissum Napoca Potaissa Apulum road.