Bizans Rumları: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

{{Ayrıca bakınız|Bizans ekonomisi}}

[[Dosya:Solidus-Justinian II-Christ b-sb1413.jpg|thumb|200px|[[II. Justinianos]] döneminden altın ''solidus'' {{Dönüştürme|4.42|g}}, 692'den sonra basılmıştır.{{Kdş|Grierson|1999|p=8}}]]

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The traditional image of Byzantine Greek merchants as unenterprising benefactors of state aid is beginning to change for that of mobile, pro-active agents.<ref name="Laiou-Morrison139">{{harvnb|Laiou|Morrison|2007|p=139}}.</ref> The merchant class, particularly that of [[Constantinople]], became a force of its own that could, at times, even threaten the Emperor as it did in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.<ref name="Laiou-Morrison140">{{harvnb|Laiou|Morrison|2007|p=140}}.</ref> This was achieved through efficient use of credit and other monetary innovations. Merchants invested surplus funds in financial products called ''chreokoinonia'' ({{lang|grc|χρεοκοινωνία}}), the equivalent and perhaps ancestor of the later Italian ''commenda''.<ref name="Laiou-Morrison140"/>

The ecclesiastical provinces were called ''eparchies'' and were headed by [[archbishops]] or [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitans]] who supervised their subordinate bishops or ''episkopoi''. For most people, however, it was their parish priest or ''papas'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "father") that was the most recognizable face of the clergy.<ref name="Rautman23"/><ref>{{Web kaynağı|last=Harper|first=Douglas|title=Pope|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|year=2001–2010|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pope|accessdate=25 May 2011}}</ref>

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== Kültür ==

=== Dil ===