Gücerât Sultanlığı: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

Zafar Khan's father Sadharan, was a Tanka [[Rajput]] convert to Islam.<ref name=":0">Rajput, Eva Ulian, pg. 180</ref><ref name=":1">The Rajputs of Saurashtra, Virbhadra Singhji, pg. 45</ref> Zafar Khan defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk near [[Patan, Gujarat|Anhilwada Patan]] and made the city his capital. Following [[Timur]]'s invasion of Delhi, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] weakened considerably so he declared himself independent in 1407 and formally established Gujarat Sultanate. The next sultan, his grandson Ahmad Shah I founded the new capital [[Ahmedabad]] in 1411. His successor [[Muhammad Shah II]] subdued most of the Rajput chieftains. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of [[Mahmud Begada]]. He subdued most of the Rajput chieftains and built navy off the coast of [[Diu, India|Diu]]. In 1509, [[Portuguese Empire|the Portuguese]] wrested Diu from Gujarat sultanate following the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|battle of Diu]]. The decline of the Sultanate started with the assassination of Sikandar Shah in 1526. Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] attacked Gujarat in 1535 and briefly occupied it. Thereafter [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when [[Akbar]] annexed Gujarat in his empire. The last ruler [[Muzaffar Shah III]] was taken prisoner to Agra. In 1583, he escaped from the prison and with the help of the nobles succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's general [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]].<ref name="Mitra2005">{{citeKitap bookkaynağı|author=Sudipta Mitra|title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA14|year=2005|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-183-2|page=14}}</ref>

[[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] expanded his kingdom and made expeditions to help neighbouring kingdoms. In 1532, Gujarat came under attack of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] and fell. Bahadur Shah regained the kingdom in 1536 but he was killed by the Portuguese on board the ship when making a deal with them.<ref name="GBP"/><ref name="Percival 14">{{citeWeb webkaynağı|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|date=26 July 2017|publisher=CUP Archive|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Gujarát was divided politically into two main parts; one, called the ''khálsah'' or crown domain administered directly by the central authority; the other, on payment of tribute in service or in money, left under the control of its former rulers. The amount of tribute paid by the different chiefs depended, not on the value of their territory, but on the terms granted to them when they agreed to become feudatories of the king. This tribute was occasionally collected by military expeditions headed by the king in person and called ''mulkgíri'' or country-seizing circuits.<ref name="GBP">{{citeKitap bookkaynağı|editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]]|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=Volume I. Part II.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=210–212, 236–270|chapter=MUSALMÁN GUJARÁT. (A.D. 1297–1760): INTRODUCTION) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The Áhmedábád kings divided the portion of their territory which was under their direct authority into districts or ''sarkár''s. These districts were administered in one of two ways. They were either assigned to nobles in support of a contingent of troops, or they were set apart as crown domains and managed by paid officers. The officers placed in charge of districts set apart as crown domains were called ''muktiă''. Their chief duties were to preserve the peace and to collect the revenue. For the maintenance of order, a body of soldiers from the army headquarters at Áhmedábád was detached for service in each of these divisions, and placed under the command of the district governor. At the same time, in addition to the presence of this detachment of regular troops, every district contained certain fortified outposts called ''tháná''s, varying in number according to the character of the country and the temper of the people. These posts were in charge of officers called ''thánadár''s subordinate to the district governor. They were garrisoned by bodies of local soldiery, for whose maintenance, in addition to money payments, a small assignment of land was set apart in the neighbourhood of the post. On the arrival of the tribute-collecting army the governors of the districts through which it passed were expected to join the main body with their local contingents. At other times the district governors had little control over the feudatory chiefs in the neighbourhood of their charge.<ref name="GBP"/> The Gujarat Sultanate had comprised twenty-five ''sarkar''s (administrative units).<ref>{{CiteKitap bookkaynağı|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/568402132|title=Eighteenth-century Gujarat : the dynamics of its political economy, 1750-1800|last=A.|first=Nadri, Ghulam|date=2009|publisher=Brill|year=|isbn=9789004172029|location=Leiden|pages=10|oclc=568402132}}</ref>

''Mirat-i-Sikandari'' is a Persian work on the complete history of Gujarat Sultanate written by Sikandar, son of Muhammad aka Manjhu, son of Akbar who wrote it soon after Akbar conquered Gujarat. He had consulted earlier works of history and the people of authority. Other Persian works of the history of Gujarat Sultanate are ''Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi'' about reign of Muzaffar Shah I, ''Tarik-i-Ahmad Shah'' in verse by Hulvi Shirazi, ''Tarikh-i-Mahmud Shahi'', ''Tabaqat-i-Mahmud Shahi'', ''Maathi-i-Mahmud Shahi'' about Mahmud I, ''Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi'' about Muzaffar Shah II's conquest of Mandu, ''Tarikh-i-Bahadur Shahi'' aka ''Tabaqat-i-Husam Khani'', ''Tarikh-i-Gujarat'' by Abu Turab Vali, ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi''. Other important work in Arabic about history of Gujarat includes ''Zafarul-Walih bi Muzaffar wa Alih'' by Hajji Dabir.<ref>{{CiteKitap bookkaynağı|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280444|title=Journal Of Oriental Institute Baroda Vol.10|last=Desai|first=Z. A.|date=March 1961|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|year=|isbn=|editor-last=Sandesara|editor-first=B. J.|volume=X|location=|pages=235–240|chapter=Mirat-i-Sikandari as a Source for the Study of Cultural and Social Condition of Gujarat under the Sultanate (1403-1572)|issue=3}}</ref>