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4. yüzyıldan 6. yüzyıla kadar yaşanan bazı göze çarpan olaylar, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun [[Grek Doğu ve Latin Batı]] şeklinde ayrışma sürecini belirledi. [[I. Konstantin]] (taht: 324–337) imparatorluğu yeniden organize ederek [[Konstantinopolis]]'i başkent yaptı ve [[Hristiyanlık]] dinini yasallaştırdı. [[I. Theodosius]] (taht: 379–395) döneminde, Hristiyanlık ülkenin [[devlet dini]] olarak kabul edildi ve [[I. Theodosius döneminde Hristiyanlık tarafından paganizme yönelik zulüm|diğer dinler yasaklandı]]. Son olarak [[Herakleios]] zamanında (taht: 610–641), imparatorluğun askerî ve idari sistemi yeniden yapılandırıldı ve Latince yerine Yunanca resmî dil olarak benimsendi.{{sfnm|Ostrogorsky|1969|1pp=105–107, 109|Norwich|1998|2p=97|Haywood|2001|3pp=2.17, 3.06, 3.15}} Böylece, her ne kadar Roma devleti ve devlet gelenekleri sürdürüldüyse de, Konstantinopolis çevresinde, Latin'den ziyade Yunan kültürü ve [[Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi|Ortodoks Hristiyanlık]] geleneklerine göre şekillendiğinden ötürü, modern tarihçiler Bizans'ı [[Antik Roma]]'dan ayırır.{{sfnm|1a1=Millar|1y=2006|1pp=2, 15|2a1=James|2y=2010|2p=5|3a1=Freeman|3y=1999|3pp=431, 435–437, 459–462|4a1=Baynes|4a2=Moss|4y=1948|4p=xx|5a1=Ostrogorsky|5y=1969|5p=27|6a1=Kaldellis|6y=2007|6pp=2–3|7a1=Kazhdan|7a2=Constable|7y=1982|7p=12|8a1=Norwich|8y=1998|8p=383}}
İmparatorluğun sınırları, ülkenin var olduğu süre içinde, bazı gerileme ve toparlanma döngüleriyle kendini belli eden kayda değer değişiklikler gösterdi. [[I. Justinianus]] (taht: 527–565) döneminde Kuzey Afrika, İtalya ve bizzat –daha sonraki iki asır elde tutulacak olan– Roma şehri de dahil olmak üzere Batı [[Akdeniz|Akdeniz kıyıları]] yeniden ele geçirildi ve imparatorluk en geniş sınırlarına erişti. [[Mauricius]] (taht: 582–602) döneminde ülkenin doğu sınırları genişledi ve kuzey sağlamlaştırıldı. Ancak imparator bir suikaste kurban gidince [[Bizans-Sasani Savaşı (602-628)]] patlak verdi ve kaynaklar bakımından zayıflayan Bizans İmparatorluğu, 7. yüzyılda [[İslam'ın yayılışı]] sürecinde çok büyük toprak kayıpları yaşadı. Birkaç yıl içerisinde en zengin illeri olan Mısır ve Suriye'yi Araplara kaybetti.<ref>{{citeKitap bookkaynağı |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSWPAgAAQBAJ |title=Warfare, State And Society In The Byzantine World 560–1204 |work= |page=47}}</ref>
[[Makedon Hanedanı]] (10-11. yüzyıllar) süresince imparatorluk sınırları tekrar genişledi ve iki yüzyıl süren [[Makedon Rönesansı]] yaşandı. Bu dönem 1071 [[Malazgirt Savaşı]] sonrası [[Anadolu]]'da başlayan büyük toprak kayıplarıyla son buldu. Bu savaşta yaşanan kayıp sonucunda Türkler Anadolu'ya yerleşmeye başladı.
[[Dosya:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|250px|Konstantinopolis Patrikliği'nin evrensel prestijinin bir sembolü ve dışavurumu olarak Justinianus, "Tanrı'nın Kutsal Bilgeliği Kilisesi" ya da bilenen adıyla [[Ayasofya]]'yı dört sene gibi kısa bir sürede inşa ettirdi (532–537).]]
Bizans İmparatorluğu bir [[teokrasi]]ydi ve [[Teslis|Tanrı]]'nın ülkeyi imparator aracılığıyla yönettiğine inanılıyordu. Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst bu konuda şunları söyledi: "Bizans İmparatorluğu, Hristiyanlık değerleri ve fikirlerinin ülkedeki siyasî fikirlere zemin oluşturduğu ve ülkenin siyasî hedefleriyle iç içe geçtiği bir teokrasidir."<ref>{{citeKitap bookkaynağı|author=Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyOoBQiCm88C&pg=PA14|year=2012|publisher=Capstone|page=14}}</ref> ''Bizans Teokrasisi'' (2004) adlı kitabında Steven Runciman şunları söyler:
:Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun anayasası, ülkenin Cennet Krallığı'nın dünyevi bir kopyası olduğuna olan inanç üzerinden temellenir. Nasıl ki Tanrı Cennet'te yönetici konumdaysa, onun görüntüsünden yaratılan imparator da dünya üzerinde yönetmeli ve onun emirlerine uymalıdır ... Kendini evrensel bir imparatorluk olarak görüyordu. İdeal olarak, her biri ideal dünyada tek ve gerçek Hristiyan Kilisesi'ne, yani Ortodoks Kilisesi'ne bağlı insanlarla dolu dünyanın bütün insanlarını kucaklamalıydı. Zira insan Tanrı'nın görüntüsüydü ve dolayısıyla insanın dünyadaki krallığı da Cennet Krallığı'nın bir görüntü olmak durumundaydı.<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|2004|pp=1–2, 162-163}}.</ref> İmparatorluğun Doğu'da hayatta kalışı, imparatorun Kilise işleri üzerinde aktif rol almasını garantiledi. Bizans devleti, pagan dönemlerden, dinî işlerin idari ve finansal rutinlerini miras almıştı ve bu rutinler olduğu gibi [[Hristiyan Kilisesi]]'ne uygulandı. [[Eusebius]] tarafından ortaya konulan modelin ardından, Bizanslılar imparatoru paganlar arasında Hristiyanlık dinini yaymakla ve dinin dış yönlerini (özellikle idare ve finans gibi) yönetmekle yükümlü olan bir [[İsa]] temsilcisi/habercisi olarak kabul etti. [[Cyril Mango]]'nun da değindiği üzere Bizans siyasî düşüncesi, "Tek Tanrı, tek imparatorluk, tek din" mottosuyla özetlenebilir.<ref name="M108">{{harvnb|Mango|2007|p=108}}.</ref>
=== Birincil kaynaklar ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Honiatis|first=Nikitas |authorlink=Nikitas Honiatis|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=15–16|year=1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Kinnamos|first=İoannis |authorlink=İoannis Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|location=New York and West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-231-04080-6|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|author=Geoffroy de Villeha|authorlink=Geoffroy de Villehardouin|title= Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1963|isbn=0-14-044124-7|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Komnini|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnini|title=The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html|year=1928|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|editor-last=Seeck|editor-first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum; accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin|publisher=Weidmann|year=1876|url=https://archive.org/Detaylar/notitiadignitat00silvgoog|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}
=== İkincil kaynaklar ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77017-3|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|location=London|publisher=Reaktion|year=2004|isbn=1-86189-118-0|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=[[Byzantine Philosophy]]|year=2003|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett|isbn=0-87220-563-0|ref=harv}}
* {{Dergi kaynağı|last=Teall|first=John L.|year=1967|title=The Age of Constantine Change and Continuity in Administration and Economy|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=21|pages=11–36|jstor=1291256|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Timberlake|first=Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-77292-1|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8047-2420-2|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ["History of law from ancient to modern Greece"]|location=Athens|publisher=Sakkoulas|year=1997|isbn=960-232-594-1|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|authorlink=Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|title=History of the Byzantine Empire|year=1928–1935|location=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|isbn=0-299-80925-0|ref=harv}}
*{{Kaynak|soyadı=Vasiliev|ad=Alexander A.|başlık=Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi|yıl=2016|yayıncı=Alfa Yayınları|yer=İstanbul|isbn=9786051712659|yazarbağı=Aleksandr Vasilyev (tarihçi)|diğerleri=Tevabil Alkaç, çev.}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking|year=1977|isbn=90-04-04855-3|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Vryonis|first=Speros|title=The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century|year=1971|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-52-001597-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBpIAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|year=1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-94034-9|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Weitzmann|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Weitzmann|title=The Icon|year=1982|location=London|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=0-237-45645-1|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Wells|first=Herbert George|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|year=1922|isbn=0-06-492674-5|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Whittow|first=Mark|title=The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|isbn=0-520-20496-4|ref=harv}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Wickham|first=Chris|authorlink=Christopher Wickham|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|location=New York|publisher=Viking|year=2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|ref=harv}}
* {{Dergi kaynağı|last=Wolff|first=Robert Lee|year=1948|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|journal=Speculum|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–34|jstor=2853672|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2853672}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum|year=1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|isbn=1-4021-8954-0|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}
== Ek kaynaklar ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last1=Ahrweiler|first1=Hélène|last2=Aymard|first2=Maurice|title=Les Européens|year=2000|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann|isbn=2-7056-6409-2}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter|title=Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)|year=2007|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-85703-1}}
* Baboula, Evanthia, Byzantium, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1-61069-177-6
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı |author1=Evans, Helen C. |author2=Wixom, William D |lastauthoramp=yes | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/188784|title=The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=Byzantine Matters|year=2014|location=Princeton NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5009-9}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|year=2001|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|isbn=0-7524-1795-9}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium: A History|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1-4051-3240-X}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Harris|first=Jonathan|title=The Lost World of Byzantium|location=New Haven CT and London|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-300-17857-9}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV: The Byzantine Empire|year=1966|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|year=1966|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)]] Limited|isbn=1-56619-574-8}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|origyear=1929|year=1990|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-06164-4}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Stathakopoulos|first=Dionysios|title=A Short History of the Byzantine Empire|year=2014|location=London|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-194-7}}
* {{citeKitap bookkaynağı|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-19-215253-X}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
{{refend|2}}
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