Federasyon Konseyi (Rusya): Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

==History==

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The modern history of the Federation Council begins during the [[Russian constitutional crisis of 1993|1993 Constitutional Crisis]] that pitted President [[Boris Yeltsin|Boris Yeltsin’s]] unpopular [[neoliberal]] and governmental structure reforms against the increasingly radical [[Congress of People's Deputies of Russia|Congress of People’s Deputies]], the nation’s legislature. Throughout the year, the congress had grown increasingly dissatisfied with Yeltsin and his cabinet’s management of the floundering [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]], as well as with its plans for a new constitution for the [[Rusya]] to replace the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-era 1978 [[Russian SFSR]] [[Russian Constitution of 1978|Constitution]] still in effect. In the midst of the increasingly tense crisis, on September 21, Yeltsin issued [[Decree of the President of Russia|Presidential Decree]] №1400. The decree effectively scrapped constitutional reform then presently in discussion, as well as legally dissolving the Congress of People’s Deputies, ordering its replacement with an entirely new [[Federation|federal]] legislative structure, and granting the president increased executive powers. Following a war of words and acts of defiance from both sides, President Yeltsin abruptly ended the governmental power struggle by ordering the [[Russian Ground Forces|Russian army]] to bombard and storm the [[Russian White House|White House of Russia]], the legislative building, between October 2–4, 1993.

Similar to the [[United States Senate]], the Federation Council would consist of two representatives from each of [[Federal subjects of Russia|Russia’s federal subjects]]. Unlike the State Duma, which consisted of hundreds of districts across the nation, the Federation Council was to act as more or less the voice of Russia’s federated subdivisions. Early debate on its creation centered on whether or not the Federation Council should be elected at all. To solve some problems on the Council’s first scheduled election in December, Yeltsin issued Presidential Decree No. 1628 on October 11, stipulating that candidates for the first elections needed at least two percent, or 25,000 signatures — whichever was highest — of their oblast, republic, krai, autonomous okrug, or federal city population. This helped previous territorial elites remain within national politics. The decree also stipulated a single term of two years before new elections in 1995.

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The Council’s first elections were held on December 12, 1993, simultaneously with State Duma elections and a referendum on the new [[Constitution of the Russian Federation]]. With the constitution now in effect after its successful passage, elections for the Council were to be franchised solely to territorial authorities, with one senator elected from the subject’s legislature, and the other by the subject’s executive branch. This later was codified in 1995 when the Council’s first term expired.