Askerî tarih: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

== Teknolojik evrim ==

<!--

New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war.

 

 

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in antiquity are:

There were also organizational changes, made possible by better training and intercommunication. [[Combined arms]] was the concept of using [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], and [[artillery]] in a coordinated way. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Swiss]], and others made advances with this, which arguably led to them being unbeatable for centuries.

 

[[Naval warfare]] was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using [[Slavery|slaves]], built up to ramming speed. [[Galleys]] were used in the [[3000 BC|3rd millennium BC]] by the [[Crete|Cretan]]s. The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]]s later advanced these ships. In [[1210 BC]], the first recorded naval battle was fought between [[Suppiluliuma II]], king of the [[Hittites]], and [[Cyprus]], which was defeated. In the [[Persian Wars]], the navy became of increasing importance. [[Trireme]]s were involved in more complicated sea-land operations. [[Themistocles]] helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the [[Battle of Salamis]], ending the Persian invasion of Greece.<ref>Moerbeek, Martijn (January 21, 1998). [http://monolith.dnsalias.org/~marsares/warfare/battle/salamis.html The battle of Salamis, 480 BC.] Accessed May 16, 2006.</ref> In the [[First Punic War]], the war between [[Carthage]] and [[Rome]] started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in [[261 BC]], with the addition of the [[corvus]] that allowed Roman soldiers onboard the ships to board the enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the [[Battle of Mylae]], resulting in a Roman victory. The [[Vikings]], in the [[8th century]] [[Anno Domini|AD]], invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the [[Drakkar]].

 

 

[[Bow (weapon)|Bows]] and [[Arrow (weapon)|arrows]] were often used by combatants. Egyptians fired arrows from chariots effectively. The [[crossbow]] was developed around the 500 BC in [[China]], and was used a lot in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>Selby, Stephen (2001). [http://www.atarn.org/chinese/bjng_xbow/bjng_xbow.htm A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China]. Accessed on May 17, 2006.</ref> The [[England|English]]/[[Wales|Welsh]] [[longbow]] from the 12th century also became important in the [[Middle Ages]]. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the [[Hundred Years' War]], even though the English were eventually defeated. It dominated battlefields for over a century.

In the 10th century, the invention of gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. [[Blackpowder]] was used in [[China]] since the [[4th Century]], but it was not used as a weapon until the [[11th century]]. Until the mid-15th century, guns were held in one hand, while the [[explosive charge]] was ignited by the other hand. Then came the [[matchlock]], which was used widely until around the 1720s. [[Leonardo da Vinci]] made drawings of the [[wheel lock]] which made its own sparks. Eventually, the matchlock was replaced by the [[flintlock]]. [[Cannon]]s were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the [[battle of Crécy]], the cannon had been used; at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] they would be used again.<ref>Calvert, J.B. (February 19, 2006) [http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/cannon.htm Cannons and Gunpowder]. Accessed on May 18, 2006.</ref>

{{Groundbreaking submarines}}

The [[submarine]] was invented in 1624 by [[Cornelius Drebbel]], which could go to depth of 15 feet (5&nbsp;m). The Turtle was developed by [[David Bushnell]] during the [[American Revolution]]. [[Robert Fulton]] then improved the submarine design by creating the [[Nautilus (submarine)]].<ref>[http://submarinehistory.homestead.com/EarlyUnderwaterwarfare.html Early Underwater Warfare]. California Center for Military History. Accessed on May 18, 2006.</ref>

 

The [[Howitzer]], a type of [[field artillery]], was developed in 17th century to fire high [[trajectory]] explosive shells at targets that could not be reached by flat trajectory projectiles.