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{{Yönlendirme|Patrik I. Mihail|diğer kullanımları|İskenderiye Patriği I. Mihail|ve|Antakya Patriği I. Mihail}}
{{Hristiyan lider bilgi kutusu
| honorific-prefix =
| name = I. Mihail Kirularios
| honorific-suffix =
| patriarch_of = Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
| image = Michele Cerulario (Michael I Cerularius).jpg
| caption = I. Mihail Kirularios
| ordination =
| consecration =
| enthroned = 1043
| ended = 21 Ocak 1059
| province =
| diocese =
| see = [[Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi]]
| church =
| predecessor = [[Aleksios Studitos]]
| successor = [[Patriarch Constantine III of Constantinople|Constantine III Lichoudas]]
| other_post =
| birth_name = Michael Keroularios
| birth_date ={{circa|lk=no}} 1000
| birth_place = [[Konstantinopolis]], [[Bizans İmparatorluğu]]
| death_date =21 Ocak 1059
| death_place = [[Konstantinopolis]], [[Bizans İmparatorluğu]]
| buried =
| nationality = [[Bizans]]
| religion = [[Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi]]
| residence = [[Konstantinopolis]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
}}
'''I. Mihail Kirularios''', '''Cærularius''', ya da '''Cerularius''' ({{Dil-el|Μιχαήλ Α΄ Κηρουλάριος}}; {{circa}} 1000 – 21 Ocak 1059 AD) <!--was the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] from 1043 to 1059 AD, most notable for his mutual excommunication with [[Pope]] [[Leo IX]] that led to the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]].
==Biography==
Michael Cerularius was born in [[Constantinople]] around 1000 AD, being ordained into the Church from a young age. He is noted for disputing with Pope Leo IX over church practices in respect of which the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, especially the use of unleavened bread in the [[Eucharist]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10273a.htm Michael Cærularius] - [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] article</ref> Notable disagreements were also exchanged over other theological and cultural issues, ranging from the issue of [[papal supremacy]] in the Church to the ''[[filioque]]'' clause and other disagreements between the Patriarchates.
Pope [[Leo IX]] sent a letter to the Patriarch in 1054, that cited a large portion of the [[Donation of Constantine]] believing it genuine.<ref>Migne's ''Patrologia Latina'', Vol. 143 (cxliii), Col. 744-769. Also Mansi, ''Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio'', Vol. 19 (xix) Col. 635-656.</ref>
:"The first pope who used it [the Donation] in an official act and relied upon it, was Leo IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood."
Some scholars say that this letter of September 1053, the text of which is available in [https://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs86unkngoog#page/n375/mode/2up Migne, ''Patrologia Latina'', vol. 143, coll. 744-769], was never actually despatched, but was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter ''Scripta tuae'' of January 1054.<ref name=WUP>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA210&dq=Setton+%22take+office%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R0XzVK6nDoyQ7AaSqIAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Setton%20%22take%20office%22&f=false Kenneth Meyer Setton (editor), ''A History of the Crusades'' (Wisconsin University Press 1969] {{ISBN|9780299048341}}) pp. 209-210</ref>
Leo IX assured the Patriarch that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable or old wives' tale,{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} arguing that only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed primacy in the Church.
This letter of Pope Leo IX was addressed both to Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and [[Leo of Ohrid]], Archbishop of [[Bulgaria]], and was in response to a letter sent by [[Leo of Ohrid|Leo]], [[Archbishop of Ohrid|Metropolitan of Achrida]] to John, Bishop of [[Trani]] (in [[Apulia]]), that categorically attacked the customs of the Latin Church that differed from those of the Greeks. Especially criticized were the Roman traditions of fasting on the Saturday Sabbath and consecration of unleavened bread. Leo IX in his letter accused Constantinople of historically being the source of heresy and claimed in emphatic terms the [[Papal primacy|primacy]] of the Bishop of Rome over even the Patriarch of Constantinople, who would have none of it.
It can be argued that in 1054, the Patriarch's letter to Pope Leo IX initiated the events which followed, because it claimed the title "ecumenical patriarch" and addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." Pope Leo IX sent Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida on a legatine mission to treat with the Patriarch. Cerularius refused to meet with Cardinal Humbert and kept him waiting with no audience for months.
Thus, Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida]] delivered a notice of excommunication against Patriarch Michael on July 16, 1054, despite the death of Pope Leo three months prior and thus the invalidity of the excommunication. Michael in turn excommunicated the cardinal and the Pope and subsequently removed the pope's name from the diptychs, starting the [[East-West Schism]].
This schism led to the end of the alliance between the Emperor and the [[Papacy]], and caused later Popes to ally with the [[Normans]] against the Empire. Patriarch Michael closed the Latin churches in his area, which exacerbated the schism. In 1965, those excommunications were rescinded by [[Pope Paul VI]] and [[Patriarch Athenagoras]], when they met in the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Although the excommunication delivered by Cardinal Humbert was invalid, this gesture represented a significant step towards restoring [[full communion|communion]] between Rome and Constantinople.
The short reign of the [[Theodora (11th century)|Empress Theodora]] saw Michael intrigue against the throne. [[Michael Psellus]] notes that while their initial relations had been cordial, once Theodora took the Imperial throne, they entered into open conflict, as Michael "was vexed because the Roman Empire was being governed by a woman", and on this topic "he spoke his mind freely.".<ref>Psellus, p. 269.</ref> The historian suggests that Theodora would have deposed Michael for his open effrontery and sedition, had she lived longer.
Cerularius had a hand in negotiating the abdication of [[Michael VI Stratiotikos]], convincing him to step down on 31 August 1057, in favour of the rebellious general Isaac, for whom the army declared on 8 June.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 332">Norwich, pg. 332</ref> The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. Having had a role in bringing him to the throne, Cerularius next quarrelled with [[Isaac I Komnenos]] over confiscation of church property. Michael went so far as to take the highly symbolic step of donning the purple shoes ceremonially reserved for the Emperor. Michael apparently planned a rebellion, to overthrow the Emperor and claim the Imperial Throne for himself or for his relative [[Constantine Doukas]]. Isaac exiled Michael to Proconnesus in 1058 and, as Michael refused to step down, had Psellus drew up the ''Accusation'' of heresy and treason against him.<ref>Psellus, p. 315. Editor's n. I. See also Skylitzes, p. 464, note 56.</ref> Cerularius died before coming to trial.
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==Kaynakça==
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*Migne's [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/1815-1875,_Migne,_Patrologia_Latina_01._Rerum_Conspectus_Pro_Tomis_Ordinatus,_MLT.html ''Patrologia Latina''], Vol. 143 (cxliii), Leo IX [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1049-1054__SS_Leo_IX__Epistolae_Et_Decreta__MLT.pdf.html Epistolae Et Decreta] .pdf - 1.9 Mb. See Col. 744B-769D (pgs. 76-89) for Leo IX's letter.
*Mansi's, [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_50_1692-1769-_Mansi_JD.html ''Sacrorum Conciliorum] Nova Amplissima Collectio'', [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1692-1769__Mansi_JD__Sacrorum_Conciliorum_Nova_Amplissima_Collectio_Vol_019__LT.pdf.html Vol. 19] (xix) .pdf - 66 Mb. See Col. 635-656.
*Michael Psellus, ''Fourteen Byzantine Rulers'' (''The Chronographia''), E.R.A. Sewter, ''trans''. New York: Penguin, 1966.
*Skylitzes, John (John Wortley, trans. and J-C. Cheynet, notes). Cambridge: University Press, 2010.
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{{Succession box|
before=[[Aleksios Studitos]]|
title=[[Rum Ortodoks patrikleri listesi|Konstantinopolis Patriği]]|
years=1043–1058|
after=[[Constantine III of Constantinople|Constantine III Leichoudes]]}}
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{{Rum Ortodoks patrikleri}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael 01 Of Constantinople, Cerularius}}
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