Muiz (Fâtımî halifesi): Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

his Caliphate is noted for the extension of the Fatimid domination from Maghrib to Egypt and Syria.

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in 345/956, the Fatimid naval fleet inflicted a major defeat on the Byzantines in Italy, following several minor entanglements and forcing the emperor Constantine VII (913-959) to pay tribute and send a peace-negotiating embassy to al-Muizz in 346/957

In 356/967, a peace treaty was concluded between the Fatimids and the Byzantines, and accordingly, the Muslims sought the right to impose jaziya on the Christian inhabitants of Sicily. This defeat of the Byzantines was indeed celebrated with pomp through out the Islamic world.

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The heart of al-Muizz was set on the conquest of Egypt, the great dream ever present before his father and grandfather, which seemed now coming within the bounds of possibility. We have heretofore noticed that the Fatimid attempt to conquer Egypt began early in their reign.

 

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It seems that Jawhar preferred to follow very closely the policy designed by al-Muizz. In his proclamation (ahd al-aman) to the Egyptian populace in 358/969, Jawhar outlined a sagacious policy of religious toleration, reform, justice, tranquillity, security and peace. He was there to execute Fatimid policy which was aimed at pacifying Egypt in order that it might serve as a potential centre.

Ekonomik alanda da Cevher önemli reformlar yaptı. Mısır'da köprülerin onarılıp ve yeni köprüler yapılması için büyük devlet harcamaları yaptı. Cevher devlet gelirlerini artırmak için toprak kullanımı vergisini "bir fidan alan arazi için" 3.5 dinardan 7 dinara yükseltti ve toprak sahiplerinden alınan sahiplilik ücretlerini (kabaletu'l-arazf) de artırdı. Mısır'da para reformu uygulamaya başladı. Mısır'da kullanılan "ed-dinaru'r-radi" ve "eddinaru'i- ebyaz" olarak anılan altın dinar sikkesi yerine İfrikiyye'de geçerli daha yüksek ayarlı altın ihtiva eden "ed-dinaru'l-Muizzi" adıyla anılan yeni altın dinar sikkeleri bastırdı.

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Fatimiler egemenlik alanlarını Abbasilerin bulunduğu tüm arazilere genişletmek; bu alanlarda egemen olan Buveyhîler idaresine ve Abbasiler hilafetine son vermek ve Şii mezhebini yüceltmek amaçlı idiler. Bu amacı geliştirmek için Cevher Suriye'ye Mısır'dan büyuk bir Fatimiler ordusu ile istila için sefer açtı ve Suriye'yi istila etti. Fakat 31 Ağustos 971'e Fatimilerin Suriye bölgesi emiri olan olan Cafer bin Fellah Şam yakınlarında o bölgede egemenlik iddiasında olan Karamatiler ile yaptığı bir muharebede yenik düşüp öldürüldü. Böylece Fatimiler'in Suriye'de egemenliği son buldu ve Karmatiler tüm Suriye ve Filistin'i ellerine geçirip Mısır'a doğru ilerlediler. Hatta Fatimiler onların Kahire'ye ilerlemelerinden korkmaya başladılar.

 

 

 

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The reign of al-Muizz was one of the most glorious ever recorded in Egyptian history. He displayed judgement and justice in the management of his mixed subjects. He did not allow his troops to interfere with the people. He was well disposed towards the Copts. His land revenue reforms were highly admired, which he was ably assisted by his vizir Yaqub bin Killis. Al-Muizz divided the provinces into districts and were placed under capable officers. The army was organized with a standing force and a militia to be summoned in times of war. A naval fleet was also organized to protect the coastal trade and commerce from pirates. Makrizi writes in "al-Khitat" (1st vol., p. 444) that, "The Franks were employed as craftsmen, making weapons for the navy and other services in Cairo." The Fatimids built a big dockyard (dar al-sina'a) at Alexandria and Damietta, inside the country on the Nile at Maks near Cairo and Aydhab near Sanga on the Red Sea opposite to Jeddah. The Arabic word dar al-sina'a for a dockyard is still current in the European languages as arzenale or arsenale in Italian and arsenal in Spanish, French and English. In the dockyard, more than 600 ships were built - the largest fleet that Egypt had ever seen since the Arab conquests. The commander of the naval force was called Amir al-Bahr (the chief of the sea), which came to be used in the European languages, such as Amiralh (Portuguese), Amiral (French) and Admiral (English).