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25. satır:
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61. satır:
* A concept putting an accent on the links with the West, especially from the 19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states – this idea is represented by in the [[South-Eastern Europe|South-Eastern]] states, which prefer the enlarged concept of the “East Centre” expressing their links with the [[Western culture]]
 
According to [[Ronald Tiersky]], the 1991 summit held in [[Visegrád]], [[Macaristan]] and attended by the [[Poland|Polish]], [[Hungary|Hungarian]] and [[CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya|Czechoslovak]] presidents was hailed at the time as a major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but the [[Visegrád Group]] became a vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to Europe, while development of closer ties within the region languished.<ref name="t472">[[Ronald Tiersky|Tiersky]], p. 472</ref>
 
[[Peter J. Katzenstein]] described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformation process of the [[Visegrád Group]] countries in different, though comparable ways.<ref name="Peter J p. 6">[[Peter J. Katzenstein|Katzenstein]], p. 6</ref> According to him in Germany's contemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.<ref name="Peter J p. 6"/> He says there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether the Baltic states, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe or not.<ref name="Peter J p. 4">[[Peter J. Katzenstein|Katzenstein]], p. 4</ref>
109. satır:
[[Dosya:Central Europe (Geographie universelle, 1927).PNG|thumbnail|sağ|French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne'a göre [[interbellum]]'daki Orta Avrupa (1927)]]
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According to [[Emmanuel de Martonne]], in 1927 the Central European countries included: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya, Hungary and Romania. Italy and Yugoslavia are not considered by the author to be Central European because they are located mostly outside Central Europe. The author use both Human and Physical Geographical features to define Central Europe.<ref>[http://img73.imageshack.us/img73/5269/file0039ao0.jpg ], [http://img12.imageshack.us/img12/4384/martonne1.jpg ] and [http://img98.imageshack.us/img98/1867/martonne2a.jpg]; ''Géographie universelle'' (1927), edited by [[Paul Vidal de la Blache]] and [[Lucien Gallois]])</ref>.
 
The [[interwar period]] (1918–1939) brought new geopolitical system and economic and political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part – the countries that have reappeared on the map of Europe: [[Poland]], [[Macaristan]] and [[CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya]]. Central Europe ceased to be the area of German aspiration to lead or dominate and became a territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political, economic and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet pressures. However, the conflict of interests was too big and neither [[Little Entente]] nor [[Międzymorze]] ideas succeeded.
 
The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before WWI, it embraced mainly German states ([[Germany]], [[Avusturya]]), non-German territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination - German leadership position was to be the natural result of economic dominance.<ref>http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/graduateconference/barcelona/papers/681.pdf S. Philipps, ''Mitteleuropa – Origins and pertinence of a political concept'', p. 6</ref> After the war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the concept. At that time the scientists took interest in the idea: the International Historical Congress in [[Brussels]] in 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the 1933 Congress continued the discussions.
[[Dosya:Little Entente.png|thumb|right|[[Little Entente]] defence union, ''The Versailles System and CE'', Oxford journals<ref name="ehr.oxfordjournals.org">http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/CXXI/490/338</ref>]]
 
Magda Adam, in the ''Versailles System and Central Europe'', published in the ''Oxford journals'': "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the [[Little Entente]], military alliance of CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya, Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".<ref name="ehr.oxfordjournals.org"/>
 
The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernism’s evolution, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The ''Sourcebook of Central European avantgards'' (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930.<ref>http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8958</ref> The manifestos and magazines of Western European radical art circles are well known to Western scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western world.
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124. satır:
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=== Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain ===
Following [[World War II]], large parts of Europe that were culturally and historically Western became part of the [[Eastern bloc]]. Consequently, the English term ''Central Europe'' was increasingly applied only to the westernmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland, CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya, Hungary) to specify them as communist states that were culturally tied to Western Europe.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://science.jrank.org/pages/11015/Regions-Regionalism-Eastern-Europe-Central-versus-Eastern-Europe.html | başlık = "Central versus Eastern Europe" | erişimtarihi = | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160304193351/http://science.jrank.org/pages/11015/Regions-Regionalism-Eastern-Europe-Central-versus-Eastern-Europe.html | arşivtarihi = 4 Mart 2016}}</ref> This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pact when these countries started to undergo transition.
 
The post-WWII period brought blocking of the research on Central Europe in the [[Eastern Block]] countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with the [[Soviet]] doctrine. On the other hand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe.<ref>One of the main representatives was Oscar Halecki and his book ''The limits and divisions of European history'', London and New York 1950</ref>. At the end of the communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially anti-communist opposition, came back to their research.<ref>A. Podraza, Europa Środkowa jako region historyczny, 17th Congress of Polish Historians, Jagiellonian University 2004</ref>
 
According to ''Mayers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon''<ref>Band 16, Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/Zürich, Lexikon Verlag 1980</ref>, Central Europe is a part of Europe composed by the surface of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, CzechoslovakiaÇekoslavakya, Hungary and Romania, northern marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states- Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia) as well as northeastern France. Sometimes, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg are not regarded as Central European.
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