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** Popülist diktatörlük, [[Arjantin]]’de [[Juan Perón]] tarafından kurulduğu gibi.<ref>Canovan, Margaret. 1981. ''Populism.'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-173078-4</ref>
 
== Türkiye'de popülizm ==
{{bakınız|Atatürk İlkeleri#Halkçılık}}
Popülizm fikri Türkiye'de [[İkinci Meşrutiyet]] döneminde yaygın kabul görmeye başlamıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanı sonrası devletin resmi ideolojisi olarak kendine yer bulmuştur.<ref>{{kitap kaynağı |başlık=Türkiye'de Popülizm 1908 - 1923 |soyadı=Toprak |ad=Zafer |yıl=2013 |yayıncı=Doğan Kitap}}</ref>
 
Halkçılık kelimesi Fransızca popülizmin (''populisme'') Türkçe karşılığı olarak türetilmiştir ve genel olarak aynı ideolojiyi ifade eder. Ancak Türkçede halkçılık dendiğinde genellikle özel olarak 1945 öncesinde Cumhuriyet Halk Partisinin devlet ideolojisi olarak uyguladığı şekliyle popülizm anlaşılır.<ref>{{dergi kaynağı |soyadı1=Baykan |ad1=Toygar |yıl= |başlık=Halkçılık and Popülizm: “Official-Rational” versus “Popular” in the context of “Turkish Exceptionalism” |dergi=Sussex European Institute Working Papers |url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=working-paper-137.pdf&site=266 |erişimtarihi=10 Aralık 2015}}</ref>
 
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== History ==
=== Classical populism ===
The word populism is derived from the [[Latin]] word ''populus'', which means ''people'' in [[English language|English]] (in the sense of "nation," as in: "The Roman People (''populus Romanus''), ''not'' in the sense of "multiple individual persons" as in: "There are people visiting us today"). Therefore, populism espouses government ''by'' the people as a whole (that is to say, the masses). This is in contrast to [[elitism]], [[aristocracy]], or [[plutocracy]], each of which is an ideology that espouse government ''by'' a small, privileged group ''above'' the masses.
 
Populism has been a common political phenomenon throughout history. [[Spartacus]] could be considered a famous example of a populist leader of ancient times through his slave rebellion against the rulers of [[Ancient Rome]]. In fact, such leaders of the [[Republic|Roman Republic]] as [[Gaius Marius]], [[Julius Caesar]], and [[Caesar Augustus]] would all fall into the populist category, as all used [[referenda]] to go over the [[Roman Senate]]'s head and establish the laws that they saw fit.
 
=== Early modern period ===
The same conditions which contributed to the outbreak of the [[English Revolution]] of 1642-1651, also known as the '''English Civil War''', also led to a proliferation of ideologies and political movements among peasants, self-employed artisans, and working class people in England. Many, possibly most, of these groups had a dogmatic [[Protestantism|Protestant]] religious bent. They included [[Puritans]], the [[Levellers]], and the latter's more radical offshoot, [[The Diggers]].
 
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=== Religious revival ===
[[Romanticism]], the anxiety against [[rationalism]], broadened after the beginnings of the [[Europe]]an and [[Industrial Revolution]]s because of cultural, social, and political insecurity. Romanticism led directly into a strong popular desire to bring about religious revival, nationalism and populism. The ensuing religious revival eventually blended into political populism and [[nationalism]], becoming at times a single entity, and a powerful force of public will for change. The [[paradigm shift]] brought about was marked by people looking for security and community because of a strong emotional need to escape from anxiety and to believe in something larger than themselves.
 
The revival of religiosity all over Europe played an important role in bringing people to populism and nationalism.
*In [[France]], [[Chateaubriand]] provided the opening shots of [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] revivalism as he opposed enlightenment's [[materialism]] with the "mystery of life," the human need for [[redemption]].
*In Germany, [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher|Schleiermacher]] promoted [[pietism]] by stating that religion was not the [[institution]], but a mystical [[piety]] and sentiment with [[Christ]] as the mediating figure raising the human [[consciousness]] above the mundane to [[God]]'s level.
*In [[England]], [[John Wesley]]'s [[Methodism]] split with the [[Anglican church]] because of its emphasis on the salvation of the masses as a key to moral reform, which Wesley saw as the answer to the social problems of the day.
 
All of these were united by a search for something to believe in, divine certainties in an increasingly uncertain age.
 
=== Rejection of ultramontanism ===
Chateaubriand's beginning brought about two [[Catholic Revival]]s in [[France]]: first, a conservative revival led by [[Joseph de Maistre]], which defended [[ultramontanism]], also known as the supremacy of the [[Pope]] in the church, and a second populist revival led by [[Felicite de Lamennais]], an excommunicated priest. This religious populism opposed ultramontanism and emphasized a church community dependent upon all of the people, not just the elite. Furthermore, it stressed that church authority should come from the bottom-up and that the church should alleviate suffering, not merely accept it, both principles that gave the masses strength.
 
=== Elitist nationalism ===
Nationalism turned in the second half of the 19th century and the nationalist sentiment was altered into an elitist and conservative [[doctrine]].
 
Power-state theorist and multi-volume historian [[Heinrich von Treitschke]]'s ''Politics'' talked about top-down nationalism in which the state is the creator of the nation, not a result thereof. His state's power fashions political unity because, as he asserts, the national unity was always in place. For von Treitschke, the state is artificially constructed by the elite who know that power counts, but who also form myths such as [[racism]] for the comfort and control of the nationalistic masses.
 
Von Treitschke's nationalism had a dark side. The eternal struggle of nations exposed the weakness of confederated states, via war as [[social hygiene]], culminating in the thought that all nations are egoistic, but their struggles embody morality and embrace progress. Such notions would later be proliferated in the tenets of [[Nazism|National Socialism]], with strong "races" and states dutifully conquering, and even exterminating, the weak.
 
=== Populism in the Americas ===
Populism has been a strong component of [[North America]]n and [[Latin America]]n political history. In Latin America, many [[charismatic leader]]s have emerged, such as; [[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]], [[Getúlio Vargas]], [[Lázaro Cárdenas]], and [[Juan Perón]]; the [[Politics of the United States|United States]] saw the formation of such political parties during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]], the [[United States Greenback Party|Greenback Party]], the [[Single Tax]] movement of [[Henry George]], the [[Progressive Party (United States)|Progressive Party]], the [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party|Farmer-Labor Party]], the [[Share Our Wealth]] movement of [[Huey Long]], and the [[Union Party (United States)|Union Party]]. Some early left-wing populist parties directly fed into the later emergence of the [[socialism|socialist]] movement, while other populists have taken on a more right-wing character, such as Father [[Charles Coughlin]] and [[Gerald L. K. Smith]].
 
Populism continues to be a force in modern US politics. The [[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]] and [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]] third-party presidential campaigns of [[Ross Perot]], [[Jerry Brown]]'s campaign in the 1992 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] primary, [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[1992]] and [[1996]] presidential campaigns, [[Jesse Ventura]]'s 1998 campaign for the governorship of [[Minnesota]], and the 1996, [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] and the 2004 presidential campaigns of [[Ralph Nader]], as well as the [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] campaign of [[George W. Bush]] are all widely seen as modern manifestations of the populist phenomenon. The 2004 campaigns of [[Dennis Kucinich]] and [[Al Sharpton]] also had populist elements. Comparison between earlier surges of Populism and those of today are complicated by shifts in what are thought to be the interests of the common people. [[Jonah Goldberg]] and others argue that in modern society, fractured as it is into myriad interest groups and microgroups, any attempt to define the interests of the "average person" will be so general as to be useless.
 
Over time, there have been several versions of a [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]] in the United States, inspired by the People's Party of the 1890s. This was the party of the early U.S. populist movement in which millions of farmers and other working people successfully challenged much of the social ills engendered by the "[[Gilded Age]]" [[monopolist]]s.
 
In 1984, the [[Populist Party (US)|Populist Party]] name was revived by [[Willis Carto]], and was used in [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]] as a vehicle for the presidential campaign of former [[Ku Klux Klan]] leader [[David Duke]]. Right-wing Patriot movement organizer [[Bo Gritz]] was briefly Duke's running mate. This incarnation was widely regarded as a vehicle for [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] recruitment.
 
In 1995, the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] was organized after the populist presidential campaign of Ross Perot in 1992. After a disputed takeover of the party in 2000, [[Patrick J. Buchanan]] received the party's nomination for president.
 
In the 2000s, many smaller populist parties were formed in America, including the [[Populist Party of America]] in 2002, and the [[American Populist Renaissance]] in 2005. The [[American Moderation Party]], also formed in 2005, adopted several populist ideals, chief among them working against multinational neo-corporatism.
 
Conservatives such as Jonah Goldberg are skeptical of populism, as evidenced in the title of his article in ''National Review'': "Pick Up Your Own Crap:
The crazy denunciations and demands of populist forces must be put down by conservatives."[http://author.nationalreview.com/latest/?q=MjE5NQ]
 
It is interesting to note that there has been a recent formation of a Populist political movement on the website www.myspace.com in the group community known as the Atheist and Agnostic Group. This group appears to be avid supporters of an individual whose name is [http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=64905020 James]. According to this new Populist movement it will be James who runs for President of the United States of America in the year 2020 with the POP (Princess of Power) She-ra as his running mate. Some of the included policies/political slogans include "Boobies for Peace" and "More Cowbell". It should also be noted that inspite of the devotion of James' supporters, pages in favor of James as a presidential candidate in 2020 have been systematically deleted almost as quickly as they are put up.[http://forum.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=messageboard.viewThread&groupID=100002606&page=22&EntryID=20119264&CategoryID=0&get=1&adTopicId=27&lastpagesent=23&Mytoken=E6E22836-0144-4DF0-958792861B401EA9159453625]
 
=== Populism in Germany ===
*[[Fichte]] began the development of nationalism by stating that people have the ethical duty to further their nation.
*[[Johann Gottfried von Herder|Herder]] proposed an organic nationalism that was a romantic vision of individual communities rejecting the [[Industrial Revolution]]'s model communities, in which people acquired their meaning from the nation. This is a philosophy reminiscent of [[subsidiarity]].
*The [[Brothers Grimm]] collected [[German folklore]] to "gather the [[Teutonic]] spirit" and show that these tales provide the common values necessary for the historical survival of a nation.
*[[Fredrick Jahn]], a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[Religious minister|Minister]], a professor at the [[University of Berlin]] and the "father of [[gymnastics]]," introduced the [[Volkstum]], a racial nation that draws on the essence of a people that was lost in the Industrial Revolution.
*[[Adam Mueller]] went a step further by positing the state as a bigger totality than the government institution. This paternalistic vision of [[aristocracy]] concerned with social orders had a dark side in that the opposite force of modernity was represented by the Jews, who were said to be eating away at the state.
 
=== Populism in France ===
In France, the populist and nationalist picture was more [[mysticism|mystical]] and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] in nature.
*Historian [[Jules Michelet]] fused nationalism and populism by positing the people as a mystical unity who are the driving force of history in which the [[divinity]] finds its purpose. For Michelet, in history, that representation of the struggle between spirit and matter, France has a special place because the French became a people through [[social equality|equality]], [[Freedom (political)|liberty]], and [[brotherhood|fraternity]]. Because of this, he believed, the French people can never be wrong. Michelet's ideas are not [[socialism]] or rational politics, and his populism always minimizes, or even masks, social class differences.
*In the late 18th century, the [[French Revolution]], though led by wealthy intellectuals, could also be described as a manifestation of populist sentiment against the elitist excesses and privileges of the [[Ancien Régime]].
=== Populism in the Philippines ===
Populist political figures or groups in the Philippines tend to further conflict between the ''masa'' (masses) and the so-called "elite". Populist forces take advantage of the fact that most of the country's population is poor, uneducated, and easily charmed by rhetoric. Populist groups further the notion that it is good to be poor, and that the rich are undeserving and should give to the poor, and that is perfectly appropriate to steal from the rich, as when power lines are illegally connected to squatter shanties.
 
== Current or recent populists ==
Examples of populists in the contemporary era include:
*[[Pauline Hanson]] in [[Australia]]
*[[Jörg Haider]] in [[Austria]]
*[[Evo Morales]] in [[Bolivia]]
*[[Volen Siderov]] in [[Bulgaria]]
*[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in [[Brazil]]
*[[Pia Kjærsgaard]] in [[Denmark]]
*[[Edgar Savisaar]] in [[Estonia]]
*[[Corazon Aquino]], [[Lito Atienza]], [[Joseph Estrada]], [[Imelda Marcos]], and [[José María Sison]] in the [[Philippines]]
*[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] in [[France]]
*[[Viktor Orbán]] in [[Hungary]]
*[[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]] in [[India]]
*[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] in [[Iran]]
*[[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Umberto Bossi]], and [[Alessandra Mussolini]] in [[Italy]]
*[[Michel Aoun]] in [[Lebanon]]
*[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] in [[Mexico]]
*[[Aung San Suu Kyi]] in [[Myanmar]]
*[[Pim Fortuyn]] in the [[Netherlands]]
*[[Winston Peters]] in [[New Zealand]]
*[[Carl I. Hagen]] in [[Norway]]
*[[Andrzej Lepper]] in [[Poland]]
*[[Sergey Baburin]] and [[Sergey Glazyev]] in [[Russia]]
*[[Vladimír Mečiar]] and [[Róbert Fico]] in [[Slovakia]]
*[[Nelson Mandela]] in [[South Africa]]
*[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] in [[Turkey]]
*[[Thaksin Shinawatra]] in [[Thailand]]
*[[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Tony Blair]] in the [[United Kingdom]].
*[[Jerry Brown]], [[Pat Buchanan]], [[Howard Dean]], [[John Edwards]], [[Mike Gravel]], [[Fred R. Harris]], [[Jim Hightower]], [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Dennis Kucinich]], [[Ralph Nader]], [[Ross Perot]], [[Bernie Sanders]], and [[George Wallace]] in the [[United States]].
*[[Hugo Chávez]] in [[Venezuela]]
 
 
Not all politicians who adopt a populist campaign are true populists. Some politicians adopting the rhetoric and language of populism are criticized for using populist rhetoric merely as an organizing tactic without any actual intent of standing up for common people. And not all politicians who are labeled 'populists' are populists, or consider themselves to be populist. The term is often used as a [[straw man]] [[fallacy]], misrepresenting an opponent's position.
 
== See also ==
{{Ideology-small}}
*[[Black populism]]
*[[Communitarianism]] A partially related political philosophy
*[[Charismatic authority]]
*[[Christian Democracy]]
*[[Christian Socialism]]
*[[Cultural production and nationalism]]
*[[Demagogy]] — as an abstract kind of untruthful speech
*[[Fascism]]
*[[Marxism]]
*[[Nationalism]]
*[[Nazism]]
*[[People's Party]]
*[[Populist Party of America]]
*[[Poujadism]]
*[[Producerism]]
*[[Social Democracy]]
*[[Socialism]]
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.populistamerica.com American Populist Party]
*[http://www.oldright.com Right-Wing populist resources]
*[http://www.populist.com Left-Wing populist resources]
*[http://www.publiceye.org/tooclose/populism.html Study of populism that discusses Canovan]
 
== References ==
=== General ===
*Brass, Tom. 2000. ''Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism: The Return of the Agrarian Myth'' London: Frank Cass Publishers.
*Canovan, Margaret. 1981. ''Populism.'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-173078-4
*Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. ''Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism.'' London: NLB/Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press.
*Taggart, Paul. 2000. ''Populism.'' Buckingham: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20045-1.
 
=== Europe ===
*Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. ''Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5
*Betz, Hans-Georg. 1994. ''Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe'', New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-08390-4, ISBN 0-312-12195-4
 
=== United States ===
*Kazin, Michael. 1995. ''The Populist Persuasion: An American History''. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03793-3, ISBN 0-8014-8558-4
*Stock, Catherine McNicol. 1996. ''Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3294-4
*Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. ''Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort''. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-568-1, ISBN 1-57230-562-2
 
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Populism could be used to describe [[Popular culture]] and [[Popular science]].
Also see [[Populist Party]].
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== Kaynakça ==
{{Kaynakça}}
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