Orta Avrupa: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

'''Orta Avrupa''', [[Doğu Avrupa|Doğu]] ile [[Batı Avrupa]] arasındaki bir bölgedir.

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The concept of Central Europe, and that of a common [[Cultural identity|identity]], is somewhat elusive.<ref>{{harvnb|Agh|1998|pages=2-8}}

[[Lonnie R. Johnson]] points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from [[Western Europe|Western]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Southeast Europe]]:<ref>"Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends", by Lonnie R. Johnson, [[Oxford University Press]], 1996</ref>

* one criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires and kingdoms that largely correspond to the religious frontiers between the [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] West and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox East]].<ref name="Johnson, p.4">Johnson, p.4</ref> The pagans of Central Europe were converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] while in [[Southeastern Europe|Southeastern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] they were brought in the fold of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Johnson, p.4"/>

* Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref> [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]], small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early histories.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4"/> The historical [[Kingdom of Hungary]] was until 1918 three times larger than Hungary is today<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref>, while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the sixteenth century.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4"/> Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4">Johnson, p. 4</ref>

* as a mode of self-perception, despite the debated nature of the concept Central Europeans generally agree on which peoples are to be excluded from this club: for example [[Serbs]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Romanians]] and [[Russians]].<ref name="Johnson, p. 6">Johnson, p. 6</ref>

He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamical historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example, [[Lithuania]], a fair share of [[Belarus]] and western [[Ukraine]] are in [[Eastern Europe]] today, but 250 years ago they were in Poland.<ref name="Johnson, p. 4"/><br>

 

[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]] defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]] |title=Europe |accessdate=2009-05-01 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2009}}</ref> [[The World Factbook]]<ref name=Fact/> and [[Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]] use the same definition adding Slovenia too. [[Encarta Encyclopedia]] does not clearly define the region, but places the same countries into Central Europe in its individual articles on countries, adding Slovenia in "south central Europe".<ref name=Encarta>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://encarta.msn.com/ | başlık = [[Encarta]] | erişimtarihi = 01.05.2009 | yıl = 2009 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20081026111707/http://encarta.msn.com/ | arşivtarihi = 26 Ekim 2008}}</ref>

On 21 January 1904 - ''Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftsverein'' (Central European Economic Association) was established in [[Berlin]] with economic integration of Germany and Austria–Hungary (with eventual extension to [[Switzerland]], [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans of political, economic and cultural domination. The “bible” of the concept was [[Friedrich Naumann]]’s book ''Mitteleuropa''<ref>F. Naumann, ''Mitteleuropa'', Berlin: Reimer, 1915</ref> in which he called for an economic federation to be established after the war. Naumann's idea was that the federation would have at its center [[Germany]] and the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] but would also include all European nations outside the Anglo-French alliance, on one side, and Russia, on the other.<ref>http://science.jrank.org/pages/11015/Regions-Regionalism-Eastern-Europe-Central-versus-Eastern-Europe.html Regions and Eastern Europe Regionalism - Central Versus Eastern Europe</ref> The concept failed after the German defeat in the [[World War I]] and the [[Austria–Hungary#Dissolution of the Empire in 1918|dissolution of Austria–Hungary]]. The revival of the idea may be observed during the [[Nazi Germany|Hitler era]].

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=== I. ile II. Dünya Savaşı arasında dönemi ===

The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernism’s evolution, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The ''Sourcebook of Central European avantgards'' (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930.<ref>http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8958</ref> The manifestos and magazines of Western European radical art circles are well known to Western scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western world.

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=== Doğu Bloğu'nun Orta Avrupa ===

 

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== Fiziki coğrafya ==

Geographically speaking, [[Carpathian mountains]] divide the [[European Plain]] in two sections: the Central Europe's [[Pannonian Plain]] in the west,<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.christinefeehan.com/dark_series/research.php | başlık = Dark Series Research by Christine Feehan | erişimtarihi = | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20160815021105/http://www.christinefeehan.com/dark_series/research.php | arşivtarihi = 15 Ağustos 2016}}</ref> and the [[East European Plain]], which lie eastward of the Carpathians. Southwards, the [[Pannonian Plain]] is bounded by the rivers [[Sava]] and [[Danube]]- and their respective floodplains.<ref>www.icpdr.org/icpdr-files/14017</ref> This area mostly corresponds to the borders of the former [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]. The [[Pannonian Plain]] extends into the following countries: [[Austria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Ukraine]].

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=== Dinar Alpleri ===

As southeastern division of the [[Eastern Alps]],<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/163795/Dinaric-Alps</ref> the [[Dinaric Alps]] extend for 650 kilometres along the coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]] (northwest-southeast), from the [[Julian Alps]] in the northwest down to the Šar-Korab massif, where the mountain direction changes to north-south. According to the Freie Universitaet Berlin<ref>http://www.grin.com/e-book/37159/die-alpen-hoehenstufen-und-vegetation</ref> this [[Dinaric Alps|mountain chain]] is classified as [[Alps|South Central European]].

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[[Dosya:Floristic regions in Europe (english).png|thumbnail|sol|Bitki türlerine göre Avrupa]]

The Central European Flora region stretches from Central [[France]] (Massif Central) to Central [[Romania]] ([[Carpathians]]) and Southern [[Scandinavia]].<ref>[[:de:Wolfgang Frey|Wolfgang Frey]] and [[:de:Rainer Lösch|Rainer Lösch]]; Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004</ref>

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== Ayrıca bakınız ==