Toprak reformu: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

**In the mid-[[1950s]], a second land reform compelled individual farmers to join collectives, which, in turn, were grouped into People's Communes with centrally controlled property rights and an egalitarian principle of distribution. This policy was generally a failure in terms of production. [http://www.fao.org/sd/LTdirect/LTan0031.htm] There is evidence that the PRC began to reverse this policy even in the [[1960s]].

** A third land reform beginning in the late 1970s re-introduced family-based contract system called the [[household responsibility system]], which had enormous initial success, followed by a period of relative stagnation. Chen, Wang, and Davis [1998] suggest that the later stagnation was due, in part, to a system of periodic redistribution that encouraged over-exploitation rather than capital investment in future productivity. [http://www.fao.org/sd/LTdirect/LTan0031.htm]

*[[India]]: Due the taxation and regulation under the [[British Raj]], at the time of [[Indian independence|independence]], India inherited a semi-feudal agrarian system, with ownership of land concentrated with a few individual landlords ([[Zamindar]]s, Zamindari System). Since independence, there has been voluntary and state initiated/mediated land reforms in several states. The most notable and successful example of land reforms is in the state of [[West Bengal]]. After promising land reforms and elected to power, the [[Communist Party of India]] kept their word and initiated gradual land reforms. The result was a more equitable distribution of land among the landless farmers. This has ensured an almost life long loyalty from the farmers and the communists have been in power ever since. Another successful land reform program was launched in [[Jammu and Kashmir]] after 1947.

**However, this success was not replicated in other areas like [[Kerala]] - the only other state where communists came to power - and the states of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], where the more radical wing of the CPI, the PWG (People's War Group) or [[Naxalite]]s resorted to violence as it failed to secure power. Even in [[West Bengal]], the economy suffered for a long time as a result of the communist economic policies that did little to encourage heavy industries. In the state of [[Bihar]], tensions between land owners militia, villagers and [[Maoist]]s have resulted in numerous massacres.