Archaeopteryx: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

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{{çalışma}}
{{Taksokuş
| ad = ''Archaeopteryx''
| resim = Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg
| alem = [[Animalia]]
| şube = [[Chordata]]
| sınıf = [[Aves]]
| takım = [[Archaeopterygiformes]]
| familya = [[Kategori:Archaeopterygidae]]
| cins = Archaeopteryx
| cins_yazar = [[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer|Meyer]], 1861
| altbaşlık = [[Tür]]leri
| açıklama =
''A. lithographica'' <small>Meyer, 1861</small>
| sinonimler =
* ''Griphosaurus'' <small>Wagner, 1861</small>
* ''Griphornis'' <small>Woodward, 1862</small>
* ''Archaeornis'' <small>Petronievics, 1917</small>
* ''Jurapteryx''? <small>Howgate, 1985</small>
* ''[[Wellnhoferia]]''? <small>Elżanowski, 2001</small>
|dış_bağlantılar = {{commons-species|Archaeopteryx}}
}}
'''''Archaeopteryx''''', kuşumsu bir [[dinozor]], uçamayan tüylü dinozorlar ve modern [[kuşlar]] arası geçiş, [[Cins|cinsidir]]. 19. yy sonu ve 20. yy başı arası dönemde ''Archaeopteryx'', [[Paleontoloji|paleontologlar]] ve popüler kitaplarca bilinen en eski kuş olarak kabul görmekteydi ([[Avialae]] grubu üyesi)<ref name="Xiaotingia">{{Dergi kaynağı|title=An ''Archaeopteryx''-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10288.html|date=28 July 2011|journal=Nature|volume=475|pages=465–470|doi=10.1038/nature10288|issue=7357|author1=Xing Xu|author2=Hailu You|author3=Kai Du|author4=Fenglu Han|pmid=21796204}}</ref>. İlerleyen süreçte [[Anchiornis]], [[Xiaotingia]] ve [[Aurornis]] gibi daha yaşlı potansiyel avialanlar tanımlandı.<ref name="pascal"><cite class="citation journal">Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). </cite></ref>
 
 
 
 
''Archaeopteryx ''yaklaşık 150 milyon yıl önce Geç Jura döneminde Güney Almanya'da yaşadı. Yaklaşık olarak [[Avrupa saksağanı|Avrasya saksağan]]<nowiki/>ı boyutunda olup, en büyük bireyleri muhtemelen bir kuzgun boyutuna ulaşabilen<ref name="Erickson_etal_2009"><cite class="citation journal">Erickson, Gregory M.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Turner, Alan H.; Inouye, Brian D.; Hu, Dongyu; Norell, Mark A. (2009). </cite></ref> ''Archaeopteryx'' 0.5 m uzunluğa ulaşabilmekteydi. Küçük boyutu, geniş kanatları ve uçabilme veya havada süzülebilme yetenekleri olduğuna kanaat getirilmesine rağmen ''Archaeopteryx'' diğer küçük [[Mezozoik|Mesozoik]] [[Dinozor|dinozorlar]]<nowiki/>la, modern kuşlara nazaran daha çok ortak özellik barındırmaktadır. Keskin dişli çene, pençeli üç parmak, uzun bir kemikli kuyruk, ileri derecede genişletilebilen ikincil ayak parmağı, tüyler (ki [[sıcakkanlı]] olduğuna işaret eder) ve çeşitli [[İskelet|iskeletsel]] özellikleri gibi yönleri bilhassa [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]<nowiki/>ler ve [[troodontid]]<nowiki/>ler ile paylaşmaktadır.<ref name="Yalden_1"><cite class="citation journal">Yalden D. W. (1984). </cite></ref><ref name="UCal_Chiappe"><cite class="citation book">L. M. Chiappe; L. M. Witme, eds. (2002). </cite></ref>
 
Bu özellikler Archaeopteryx'i net bir şekilde uçamayan dinozorlar ve kuşlar arasında bir [[geçiş fosili]] adayı yapmaktadır.<ref name="UCal_MoPUCal MoP">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html ''Archaeopteryx'': An Early Bird] - [[Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley]], Museum of Paleontology. 18 Ekim 2006.</ref><ref name="UCalg_LongUCalg Long">[http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/september2006/Archaeopteryx-lithographica/ Ancient birds flew on all fours] - Nick Longrich, [[Calgary Üniversitesi]]. Discusses how many wings an ''Archaeopteryx'' had and other questions.</ref> Bu nedenle ''Archaeopteryx'' sadece dinozorlar alanında değil aynı zamanda kuşların kökeni alanında yapılan çalışmalar için önemli bir role sahiptir. 1861 yılında bir tüyden yola çıkarak isimlendirilmiş<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite journal | last1 = Griffiths | first1 = P. J. | year = 1996 | title = The Isolated Archaeopteryx Feather | url = | journal = Archaeopteryx | volume = 14 | issue = | pages = 1–26 }}</ref> ve aynı yıl ilk defa bütün halinde ''Arhaeopteryx'' örneği bulunduğu duyurulmuştur. İlerleyen süreçte on fosil daha gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Bu fosiller arasında farklılıklar olmasına rağmen birçok uzman bulunan fosilleri tartışmalı şekilde tek bir tür olarak tanımlamıştır.
 
Bu on bir fosilin çoğu tüy izleri barındırmaktadır. Fosillerdeki tüylerin gelişmiş bir formda ([[uçuş tüyleri]]) olması, tüylerin evriminin Geç Jura'dan önce başladığının ispatıdır.<ref name="weln_04"><cite class="citation book">P. Wellnhofer (2004). </cite></ref> ''Archaeopteryx''<nowiki/>'in [[tür örneği]], [[Charles Darwin]]'in [[Türlerin Kökeni]] kitabının yayınlanmasından iki yıl sonra keşfedilmiştir. ''Archaeopteryx'' Darwin'in teorilerini doğrulamakta ve bulunduğundan itibaren kuşların kökeni, ara geçiş formları ve [[evrim]] konuları için anahtar kanıt niteliğini taşımaktadır.
 
[[Dosya:Archaeopteryx-model.jpg|right|thumb|[[Oxford Üniversitesi]] Müzesi'nde bulunan Archaeopteryx modeli]]
 
== Kaynakça ==
{{Kaynakça}}
 
== Dış bağlantılar ==
Bu on bir fosilin çoğu tüy izleri barındırmaktadır. Fosillerdeki tüylerin gelişmiş bir formda ([[uçuş tüyleri]]) olması, tüylerin evriminin Geç Jura'dan önce başladığının ispatıdır.<ref name="weln_04"><cite class="citation book">P. Wellnhofer (2004). </cite></ref> ''Archaeopteryx''<nowiki/>'in [[tür örneği]], [[Charles Darwin]]'in [[Türlerin Kökeni]] kitabının yayınlanmasından iki yıl sonra keşfedilmiştir. ''Archaeopteryx'' Darwin'in teorilerini doğrulamakta ve bulunduğundan itibaren kuşların kökeni, ara geçiş formları ve [[evrim]] konuları için anahtar kanıt niteliğini taşımaktadır.
* [http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/jdp.htm Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology] {{İng}}
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/info.html ''Archaeopteryx'' hakkında her şey] {{İng}}
 
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Paul |title=Dinosaurs of the Air: the Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds |year=2002 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0-8018-6763-0 }}</ref> <ref name="Paul 1988">Paul, G. S. (1988). ''Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, a Complete Illustrated Guide''. Simon and Schuster, New York. 464 p.</ref> <ref name="RSW 85a">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |author2=Hoyle, F.|author3= Wickrmasinghe, N. C.|author4= Watkins, J.|author5= Rabilizirov, R.|author6= Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - a photographic study |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=264–266 }}</ref> <ref name="RSW 85b">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |author2=Hoyle, F.|author3= Wickrmasinghe, N. C.|author4= Watkins, J.|author5= Rabilizirov, R.|author6= Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - a further comment |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=358–359, 367 }}</ref> <ref name="RSW 85c">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |author2=Hoyle, F.|author3= Wickrmasinghe, N. C.|author4= Watkins, J.|author5= Rabilizirov, R.|author6= Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - more evidence |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=468–470 }}</ref> <ref name="Sammler">[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/794/492155/text/6/ ''Sammler und Forscher - ein schwieriges Verhältnis''] {{de icon}}, [[Sueddeutsche Zeitung]]; published: 25 October 2009; accessed: 25 December 2009.</ref> <ref name="Sensation">''Archäologischer Sensationsfund in Daiting'', {{de icon}} [[Augsburger Allgemeine]] - [[Donauwörth]] edition; published: 28 November 2009; accessed: 23 December 2009.</ref> <ref name="senter 1">Senter, P. (2006). ''Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds and the origin of flapping flight''. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. '''51''' (2): 305–313. [http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-305.pdf PDF full text file].</ref> <ref name="Small JPL">{{cite web | title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9860 Archaeopteryx (1991 PW9) | publisher = [[NASA]] | url= http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9860 | accessdate = 2007-03-01}}</ref> <ref name="Swinton">{{cite journal | last1 = Swinton | first1 = W. E. | year = 1960 | title = Opinion 1084, Proposed addition of the generic name ''Archaeopteryx'' VON MEYER, 1861 and the specific name ''Lithographica'', VON MEYER, 1861, as published in the binomen ''Archaeopteryx Lithographica'' to the official lists (Class Aves) | url =http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220197 | journal = Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume = 17 | issue = 6–8| pages = 224–226 }}</ref> <ref name="Thulborn 1984">{{cite journal | last = Thulborn | first = R. A. | year = 1984 | title = The avian relationships of ''Archaeopteryx'', and the origin of birds | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 82 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 119–158 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x | url = | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref> <ref name="Talk Origin 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/forgery.html |title=On ''Archaeopteryx'', Astronomers, and Forgery |date=15 December 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2007 |last=Nedin |first=Chris | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070315180204/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/forgery.html| archivedate= 15 March 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name="UCal MoP">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html ''Archaeopteryx'': An Early Bird] - [[University of California, Berkeley]], Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 18 October 2006.</ref> <ref name="UCal Chiappe">{{Cite book|title=Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|editors=L. M. Chiappe; L. M. Witme |page=151|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-20094-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2MQeh1KCp7sC|year=2002}}</ref> <ref name="UCalg Long">[http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/september2006/Archaeopteryx-lithographica/ Ancient birds flew on all fours] - Nick Longrich, [[University of Calgary]]. Discusses how many wings an ''Archaeopteryx'' had and other questions.</ref> <ref name="Wagner 1">A. Wagner (1861). {{lang|de|Über ein neues, angeblich mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solnhofener lithographischen Schiefer.}} ''{{lang|de|Sitzungberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-physikalische Classe}}'' 146–154.</ref> <ref name="Wellnhofer">Wellnhofer, P., & Tischlinger, H. (2004). ''{{lang|de|Das "Brustbein" von Archaeopteryx bavarica Wellnhofer 1993 — eine Revision}}''. Archaeopteryx. 22: 3–15. [Article in German].</ref> <ref name="weln 04">{{Cite book|title=Feathered Dragons|year=2004|chapter=The Plumage of ''Archaeopteryx''|veditors=Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB, Shugar MA, Wright JL |author=P. Wellnhofer|pages=282–300|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34373-9}}</ref> <ref name="Wiedergefundener">[http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/messen-wiedergefundener-archaeopteryx-ist-wohl-neue-art_aid_448677.html ''{{lang|de|Wiedergefundener Archaeopteryx ist wohl neue Art}}''] {{de icon}}. ''[[Die Zeit]]''. Accessed: 17 July 2012.</ref> <ref name="Williams">{{cite web | author = Williams, Gareth | title = Minor Planet Names: Alphabetical List |publisher = [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] | url= http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPNames.html | accessdate = 1 March 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Witmer 1">{{cite journal |last1=Witmer |first1=L. M. |year=2004 |title=Palaeontology: Inside the oldest bird brain | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages= 619–620 |pmid= 15295579 |doi=10.1038/430619a|bibcode = 2004Natur.430..619W }}<!-- no abstract available --></ref> <ref name="Witmer02">{{cite book |title=Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs |chapter=The debate on avian ancestry |last=Witmer |first=Lawrence M. |editor1=Witmer, L. |editor2=Chiappe, L. |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-20094-2 |pages=3–30 }}</ref> <ref name="Yalden 1">{{cite journal |author=Yalden D. W. |title=What size was ''Archaeopteryx''? |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=82 |issue=1–2|pages=177–188 |year=1984 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120801944/abstract |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x}}</ref> <ref name="Zweers&VandenBerge1997">{{cite journal | last = Zweers | first = G. A. | authorlink = | author2 = Van den Berge, J. C. | year = 1997 | title = Evolutionary patterns of avian trophic diversification | journal = Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems | volume = 100 | issue = | pages = 25–57 | issn = 0944-2006 | url = | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref>}}
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