I. Charles: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

 

In November 1641, the House of Commons passed the [[Grand Remonstrance]], a long list of grievances against actions by Charles's ministers committed since the beginning of his reign (that were asserted to be part of a grand Catholic conspiracy of which the king was an unwitting member),{{sfn|Starkey|2006|p=112}} but it was in many ways a step too far by Pym and passed by only 11 votes – 159 to 148.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregg|1981|pp=340–341}}; {{harvnb|Loades|1974|p=415}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1999|p=127}}; {{harvnb|Starkey|2006|p=113}}.</ref> Furthermore, the Remonstrance had very little support in the House of Lords, which the Remonstrance attacked.<ref>{{harvnb|Kenyon|1978|p=135}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1999|p=128}}.</ref> The tension was heightened by news of the Irish rebellion, coupled with inaccurate rumours of Charles's complicity.{{sfn|Loades|1974|p=414}} Throughout November, a series of alarmist pamphlets published stories of atrocities in Ireland,<ref>{{harvnb|Carlton|1995|p=230}}; {{harvnb|Schama|2001|pp=118–120}}.</ref> which included massacres of New English settlers by the native Irish who could not be controlled by the Old English lords.<ref>{{harvnb|Gillespie|2006|p=144}}; {{harvnb|Schama|2001|pp=118–120}}.</ref> Rumours of "papist" conspiracies in England circulated the kingdom,<ref>{{harvnb|Loades|1974|pp=416–417}}; {{harvnb|Schama|2001|pp=118–120}}.</ref> and English anti-Catholic opinion was strengthened, damaging Charles's reputation and authority.{{sfn|Gregg|1981|pp=341–342}}

The English Parliament distrusted Charles's motivations when he called for funds to put down the Irish rebellion; many members of the Commons suspected that forces raised by Charles might later be used against Parliament itself.{{sfn|Coward|2003|p=200}} Pym's [[Militia Bill]] was intended to wrest control of the army from the king, but it did not have the support of the Lords, let alone Charles.{{sfn|Kenyon|1978|p=136}} Instead, the Commons passed the bill as an ordinance, which they claimed did not require royal assent.{{sfn|Carlton|1995|p=237}} The [[Militia Ordinance]] appears to have prompted more members of the Lords to support the king.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=129}} In an attempt to strengthen his position, Charles generated great antipathy in London, which was already fast falling into anarchy, when he placed the [[Tower of London]] under the command of Colonel [[Thomas Lunsford]], an infamous, albeit efficient, career officer.{{sfn|Kenyon|1978|p=137}} When rumours reached Charles that Parliament intended to impeach his wife for supposedly conspiring with the Irish rebels, the king decided to take drastic action.<ref>{{harvnb|Carlton|1995|pp=235–236}}; {{harvnb|Cust|2005|pp=323–324}}; {{harvnb|Gregg|1981|p=343}}; {{harvnb|Hibbert|1968|p=160}}; {{harvnb|Loades|1974|p=417}}.</ref>