Fotokopi: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
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Fotokopi iş, eğitim ve devlet işlerinde çok yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dijital teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte fotokopinin kullanımı azalsa da fotokopi özellikle devlet işlerinde vazgeçilmezliğini sürdürmektedir.
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==Nasıl Çalışır (Elektrostatik Baskı)==
[[Dosya:Xerographic photocopy process_en.svg|thumb|right|220px|Schematic overview of the xerographic photocopying process (step 1-4)]]
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[[Chester Carlson]], the inventor of photocopying, was originally a [[patent attorney]] and part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in [[New York]] required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was [[arthritis|arthritic]], found this a painful and tedious process. This prompted him to conduct experiments with [[photoconductivity]]. Carlson experimented with "[[electrophotography]]" in his kitchen and in [[1938]], applied for a patent for the process. He made the first "photocopy" using a [[zinc]] plate covered with [[sulfur]]. The words "10-22-38 Astoria" were written on a [[microscope]] slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but because the process was still underdeveloped he failed. At the time multiple copies were made using carbon paper or duplicating machines and people did not feel the need for an electronic machine. Between [[1939]] and [[1944]], Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including [[IBM]] and [[General Electric|GE]], neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers.
In 1944, the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], a non-profit organization in [[Columbus, Ohio]], contracted with Carlson to refine his new process. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography. In [[1947]] Haloid Corporation (a small New York-based manufacturer and seller of photographic paper) approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology.
Haloid felt that the word "electrophotography" was too complicated and did not have good recall value. After consulting a professor of classical language at [[Ohio State University]], Haloid and Carlson changed the name of the process to "[[Xerography]]," derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] words which meant "dry writing." Haloid called the new copier machines "Xerox Machines" and in [[1948]], the word Xerox was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to [[Xerox Corporation]].
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==Copyright issues==
Photocopying material which is subject to [[copyright]] (such as books or scientific papers) is subject to restrictions in most countries. It is common practice, especially by students, as the cost of purchasing a book for the sake of one article or a few pages may be excessive. The principle of [[fair use]] (in the United States) or [[fair dealing]] (in other [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] countries) allows this type of copying for research purposes.
In some countries, such as [[Canada]], some [[university|universities]] pay royalties from each photocopy made at university copy machines and copy centers to [[copyright collective]]s out of the revenues from the photocopying and these collectives distribute these funds to various scholarly publishers. In the United States, photocopied compilations of articles, handouts, graphics, and other information called ''readers'' are often required texts for college classes. Either the instructor or the copy center is responsible for clearing copyright for every article in the reader and attribution information is included in the front of the reader.
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* [http://www.2ndwave.co.uk/colourcopierworks/ How a colour copier works]
* [http://www.digipro.co.uk/history-photocopier.html History of the Photocopier]
* [http://www.habervitrini.com/haber.asp?id=209835 Fotokopi nasıl icat edildi?]
* [http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/merak_ettikleriniz/index.php?kategori_id=5&soru_id=218 TÜBİTAK - Fotokopi makinesi nasıl çalışır?]
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