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[[Kategori:Anestezi|*]]
[[Kategori:Tıp terimleri]]
Medical uses[edit]
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or end points:[2]:236
hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory)
analgesia (lack of sensation which also blunts autonomic reflexes)
muscle relaxation
Different types of anesthesia (which are discussed in the following sections) affect the endpoints in different ways. Regional anesthesia, for instance affects analgesia, benzodiazepine type sedatives (used in twilight sleep) favor amnesia and general anesthetics can affect all of the endpoints. The goal of anesthesia is to achieve the necessary endpoints with the least amount of risk possible to the patient.
The anesthetic area of an operating room
To achieve the goals of anesthesia, drugs act on different but interconnected parts of the nervous system. Hypnosis, for instance, is generated through actions on the nuclei in the brain and is similar to the activation of sleep. The effect is to make people less aware and less reactive to non-noxious stimuli.[2]:245
Loss of memory (amnesia) is created by action of drugs on multiple (but specific) regions of the brain. Memories are created as either declarative or non-declarative memories in several stages (short-term, long-term, long-lasting) the strength of which is determined by the strength of connections between neurons termed synaptic plasticity.[2]:246 Each anesthetic produces amnesia through unique effects on memory formation at variable doses. Inhalational anesthetics will reliably produce amnesia through general suppression of the nuclei at doses below those required for loss of consciousness. Drugs like midazolam produce amnesia through different pathways by blocking the formation of long-term memories.[2]:249
Tied closely to the concepts of amnesia and hypnosis is the concept of consciousness. Consciousness is the higher order process that synthesizes information. For instance, the “sun” conjures up feelings, memories and a sensation of warmth rather than a description of a round, orange warm ball seen in the sky for part of a 24‑hour cycle. Likewise, a person can have dreams (a state of subjective consciousness) during anesthetic or have consciousness of the procedure despite having no indication of it under anesthetic. It is estimated that 22% of people dream during general anesthesia and 1 or 2 cases per 1000 have some consciousness termed
Özel popülasyonlar
Anestezi nedeniyle , ya da özel durumlarda ( örneğin pediatrik anestezi , geriatrik , bariatrik veya obstetrik anestezi gibi) hasta ( ( örneğin kalp cerrahisi , kalp damar anestezi veya nöroşirürji gibi) prosedüre özel durumlar için değiştirilebilir gerektiğinde birçok durumlar vardır böyle ) travma , hastane öncesi bakım , robotik cerrahi veya aşırı ortamlarda olduğu gibi
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