İngiltere Topluluğu: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

[[Dosya:Cromwell at Dunbar Andrew Carrick Gow.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Üçüncü [[İngiliz İç Savaşı]]]]

'''İngiltere Topluluğu''' ([[İngilizce]]: Commonwealth ya da Commonwealth of England),

The '''Commonwealth''', or '''Commonwealth of England''', was the period from 1649 onwards when [[England]], along later with [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]],{{sfn|Schultz|2010}} was ruled as a republic following the end of the [[Second English Civil War]] and the [[trial and execution of Charles I]]. The republic's existence was initially declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth",<ref>[[Wikisource:An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth]]</ref> adopted by the [[Rump Parliament]] on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a [[English Council of State|Council of State]]. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|Ireland]] and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, as part of what is now referred to as the [[Third English Civil War]].

 

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== 1649–1653 ==

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{{Main|Rump Parliament}}

 

 

Most Rumpers were [[gentry]], though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were [[regicide]]s. This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.

For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]. By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.

 

 

Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution, and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, both [[France]] and [[Spain]] had recognised England's new government.

 

Though the [[Church of England]] was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the [[Act of Uniformity 1558]] was repealed in September 1650.<ref>27 September 1650 "Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church" {{harv|Firth|Rait|1911|pp=423–425}}</ref> Mainly on the insistence of the Army, many independent churches were tolerated, although everyone still had to pay [[tithe]]s to the established church.

 

 

The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as closing down theatres and requiring [[Blue law|strict observance of Sunday]]. This antagonised most of the gentry.

Cromwell, aided by [[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Thomas Harrison]], forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell, and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War—the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent (11 May 1641) – gave them the legal basis for this view.

[[File:Commonwealth Unite 1653 692157.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A gold [[Unite (English coin)|Unite]] from 1653.]]

The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a 'nominated assembly' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control, since Army officers did the nominating.

 

 

On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] issued the [[Declaration of Breda]], which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the [[Convention Parliament (England)#Convention Parliament of 1660|Convention Parliament]], which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in January 1649.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26183#s2 House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 May 1660]</ref> Charles returned from exile on 23 May.<ref name="pepysdiary23">[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php Pepys Diary 23 April 1661]</ref> He entered [[London]] on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" May 29 was made a public holiday, popularly known as [[Oak Apple Day]].<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26202#s3 House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 30 May 1660]</ref> He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.<ref name="pepysdiary23" />

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== Kaynakça ==

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