Central Park: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

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'''Central Park''', [[Amerika Birleşik Devletleri]]'nin [[New York]] şehri [[Manhattan]] ilçesinde yer alan büyük umumi kentsel bir [[park]]tır. Yıllık ortalama 25 milyon ziyaretçisiyle Central Park, [[ABD|Birleşik Amerika]]'da en çok ziyaret edilen kent parkıdır. Birçok [[Film (sinema)|film]] ve [[televizyon]] şovları bu parkı dünyadaki en ünlü şehir parkı yapmıştır ve ayrıca Central park`ta yüzmek yasalara aykırıdır.
 
===1857–1900===
{{geniş resim|NYC Central Park Reservoir.jpg|1200|Central Park'tan bir manzara}}
{{See also|History of New York City}}
[[File:Bethesda Fountain in 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|''Angel of the Waters'', in Bethesda Fountain (sculpted 1873)]]
[[File:2994-Central Park-Bethesda Fountain.JPG|thumb|Bethesda Fountain]]
[[File:3030-Central Park-The Dairy.JPG|thumb|The Dairy]]
Central Park, [[1811 Komisyonları Planı]]'na dahil değildi. however, between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population. Since it was not part of the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]], John Randel, Jr., surveyed the park and the only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible. The bolt is in a rock just north of the Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse and south of Center Drive. As the city expanded, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city.<ref>John Emerson Todd, ''Frederick Law Olmsted'' (Boston: Twayne Publishers: Twayne’s World Leader Series) 1982:73; see the history of [[Green-Wood Cemetery]].</ref>
 
New York City's need for a great public park was voiced by the poet and editor of the ''Evening Post'' (now the ''[[New York Post]]''), [[William Cullen Bryant]], and by the first American landscape architect, [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who began to publicize the city's need for a public park in 1844. A stylish place for open-air driving, similar to the [[Bois de Boulogne]] in Paris or London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], was felt to be needed by many influential New Yorkers, and, after an abortive attempt in 1850-51 to designate [[Jones's Wood]], in 1853 the New York legislature settled upon a {{convert|700|acre|ha|adj=on}} area from 59th to 106th Streets for the creation of the park, at a cost of more than [[United States dollar|US$]]5 million for the land alone.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
 
Devlet parkın geliştirilmesi için Central Park Komisyonu'nu kurdu. 1857 yılında komisyon peyzaj tasarımı yarışması düzenledi ve yarışmayı [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] ve [[Calvert Vaux]]'ın geliştirdiği ''Greensward Planı'' kazandı.
 
According to Olmsted, the park was ''"of great importance as the first real Park made in this country—a democratic development of the highest significance…,"'' a view probably inspired by his stay and various trips in Europe during 1850.<ref>Olmsted letter to Parke Godwin August 1, 1858. See Empire City The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/714_reg.html
</ref>
Bu gezi sırasında bir çok park gezdi en çok etkilendiği parklar ise İngiltere'deki [[Birkenhead Park]] ve [[Derby Arboretum]]'dur.
 
Several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery|Mount Auburn]] ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]) and [[Green-Wood Cemetery|Green-Wood]] ([[Brooklyn]], New York) had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes. The most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the "separate circulation" systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The "crosstown" commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, (today called "transverses"), screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance.
 
The Greensward plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of [[Manhattan schist]] or [[granite]], to lacy neo-gothic cast iron; no two are alike. The ensemble of the formal line of [[Central Park Mall|the Mall]]'s doubled allées of elms culminating at Bethesda Terrace, whose centerpiece is the [[Bethesda Fountain]], with a composed view beyond of lake and woodland, was at the heart of the larger design.
 
''Greensward Planını'' uygulama sorumluluğu [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] (mimar), [[Ignaz Anton Pilat]] (master gardener), [[George E. Waring, Jr.|George Waring]] (mühendis), [[Andrew Haswell Green]] (politikacı), ve ek olarak Olmsted ve Vaux'a aitti.
 
Parkın yapımının başlaması için bölge sakinlerinin temizlenmesi gerekiyordu.<ref>Peter H. Rossi, ''Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness'', University of Chicago Press, 1989, ISBN 0-226-72828-5. Rossi states that part of the impetus to schemes such as Central Park and others was to remove the eyesore of shanty towns.
</ref>
Bölge sakinleri özgür Afroamerikanlardan, İngiliz ve İrlanda kökenli insankardan oluşuyordu ayrıca çoğu fakirdi.Free people of color|free African Americans]] or residents of English or Irish origin. Most of them lived in small villages, such as [[Seneca Village]], [[Harsenville]], or the [[Piggery District]]; or in the school and convent at [[College of Mount Saint Vincent|Mount St. Vincent's Academy]]. Around 1,600 residents occupying the area at the time, were evicted under the rule of [[eminent domain]] during 1857. Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park.
 
[[File:Central Park 1875 Restored.png|thumb|350px|left|A map of Central Park from 1875]]
 
During the construction of the park, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, many of whom were appointees of the city's Democratic machine{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}. In 1860, he was forced out for the first of many times as Central Park's superintendent, and [[Andrew Haswell Green]], the former president of New York City's board of education took over as the chairman of the commission.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Despite the fact that he had relatively little experience, he still managed to accelerate the construction, as well as to finalize the negotiations for the purchase of an additional {{convert|65|acre|m2}} at the north end of the park, between 106th and 110th Streets, which would be used as the "rugged" part of the park, its swampy northeast corner dredged, and reconstructed as the [[Harlem Meer, Central Park|Harlem Meer]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
 
1860 ve 1873 yılları arasında bir çok engelin üstesinden gelinmiş ve park büyük ölçüde tamamlanmış. Construction combined the modern with the ageless: up-to-date steam-powered equipment and custom-designed wheeled tree moving machines augmented massive numbers of unskilled laborers wielding shovels. The work was extensively documented with technical drawings and photographs. Bu dönemde, 18,500'den fazla cubic yards (14,000 m³) of topsoil had been transported in from [[New Jersey]], because the original soil was not fertile or substantial enough to sustain the various trees, shrubs, and plants called for by the Greensward Plan. Park 1873 yılında resmen tamamlandığında 10 milyondan fazla araba dolusu malzeme, toprak ve kaya more than ten million cartloads of material had been transported out of the park, including soil and rocks. 4 milyondan fazla ağaç ve bitki, yaklaşık olarak 1,500 tür parka nakledildi.
 
Alanı temizlemek için Gettysburg Muharebesi'nde kullanılan baruttan daha fazla barut kullanıldı.<ref>Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar, ''The Park and the People: a history of Central Park'', 1992:150.</ref>
 
[[Sheep]] grazed on the [[Sheep Meadow, Central Park|Sheep Meadow]] from the 1860s until 1934, when they were moved to Prospect Park in Brooklyn,and were soon moved to a farm near [[Otisville, New York]] as it was feared they would be used for food by impoverished Depression-era New Yorkers.[htt
==Günümüzde Central Park==
[[File:Central Park New York City.svg|thumb|right]]
Central Park, mimar ve yazar [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] ve İngiliz mimar [[Calvert Vaux]]'ın 1858 yılında tasarım yarışmasını kazanmaları üzerine planlanmıştır. 1962 yılından beri which has been a [[National Historic Landmark]] since 1962, was designed by landscape architect and writer [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and the English architect [[Calvert Vaux]] in 1858 after winning a design competition. Ayrıca [[Brooklyn]]'indeki [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]]'ı da tasarlamışlardır.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=388&ResourceType=District
|title=Central Park|date=September 10, 2007|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}
</ref><ref name="nrhpinv">
{{cite web|url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000538.pdf|başlık=National Register of Historic Places Inventory|date=August 14, 1975|publisher=National Park Service}}
</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">
{{cite web|url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000538.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory|date=August 14, 1975|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
 
Central Park New York'un en meşhur yerlerinden birisidir. It is bordered on the north by [[110th Street (Manhattan)|Central Park North]], on the south by [[59th Street (Manhattan)|Central Park South]], on the west by [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Central Park West]], and on the east by [[Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)|Fifth Avenue]]. Only [[Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)|Fifth Avenue]] along the park's eastern border retains its name; the other streets bordering the park (110th Street, 59th Street, and Eighth Avenue, respectively) change names while they are adjacent to the park.
 
===Ziyaretçiler===
Amerika Birleşik Devletler'nde en çok ziyaret edilen parktır.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tpl.org/content_documents/ccpe_MostVisitedParks.pdf|title=America's Most Visited City Parks|accessdate=July 11, 2006|year=2006|month=June|format=PDF|publisher=The Trust for Public Land|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060725034722/http://www.tpl.org/content_documents/ccpe_MostVisitedParks.pdf |archivedate=2006-07-25}}
</ref>Yılda yaklaşık 35 milyon insan bu parkı ziyaret eder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralparknyc.org/visit/general-info/faq/|title=Central Park FAQ}}
</ref>
It was opened on {{convert|770|acre|km2}} of city-owned land and was expanded to {{convert|843|acre|km2 mi2}}. It is 2.5 miles (4&nbsp;km) long between 59th Street (Central Park South) and 110th Street (Central Park North), and is 0.5 miles (0.8&nbsp;km) wide between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West. Its size and cultural position, similar to Munich's [[Englischer Garten]] and London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], has served as a model for many urban parks, including San Francisco's [[Golden Gate Park]], Tokyo's [[Ueno Park]], and Vancouver's [[Stanley Park]]
 
==Etkinlikler==
[[File:CP Boathouse NW jeh.JPG|thumb|Boathouse Cafe]]
* '''Kuşçuluk''': A wooded section of the park called "[[The Ramble and Lake, Central Park|The Ramble]]" is popular among birders. Many species of woodland birds, especially warblers, may be seen in The Ramble in Spring and Fall.
* '''Boating''': Rowboats and kayaks are rented on an hourly basis at the Loeb Boathouse, which also houses a restaurant overlooking the Lake. As early as 1922,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=OI5JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=four+foot+power+boats+make+their&source=bl&ots=r0Mwfk8eEu&sig=8IaTSq5wQDY_ZHDz3eBYTn_uIdk&hl=en&ei=oCO_TrXoDuqXiQLIyejKCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=four%20foot%20power%20boats%20make%20their&f=false Powerboats]</ref> model power boating was popular on park waters.
* '''Carriage horses''': the [[carriage]] horse industry, revived in New York City in 1935,<ref name=Newsweek>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/41307 Tradition or Cruelty?], Jessica Bennett, ''[[Newsweek]]'', September 25, 2007; Retrieved 2008-08-23
</ref> has been featured in various films; the first female carriage driver, [[Maggie Cogan]], appeared in a [[newsreel]] in 1967.<ref name=deseret>{{cite news|title=Jupiter's Wife|author=Chris Hicks|work=Deseret News|location=Salt Lake City|date=April 16, 1996|accessdate=2009-07-07}}
</ref> The ethics of this tradition and the effects on horse health and well being have been questioned by various animal rights activists.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121602021.html Bill Could Halt New York Carriage Horses], Keith B. Richburg, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', December 17, 2007; Retrieved 2008-08-23
</ref><ref name=ASPCA>
[http://www.aspca.org/aspcablog/2007/09/another-horse-down-in-central-park.html Another Horse Down in Central Park], Blog of the [[ASPCA]], September 17, 2007; Retrieved 2008-08-23.
</ref><ref name=PETA>
[http://www.peta.org/MC/factsheet_display.asp?ID=135 PETA Fact Sheet on Horse Carriage]; Retrieved 2008-08-23
</ref><ref name=NYMag>
[http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/45116/ Home on the Asphalt], Lloyd Grove, ''[[New York Magazine]]'', March 16, 2008; Retrieved 2008-08-23
</ref><ref name=CBS>
[http://wcbstv.com/topstories/carriage.horse.central.2.489867.html Carriage Horse Industry At A Crossroads], Kristin Cole, CBS News, November 5, 2007; Retrieved 2008-08-23.
</ref><ref name=NYSun>
[http://www.nysun.com/editorials/horse-pucky/67271/ Horse Pucky], Editorial of ''[[The New York Sun]]'', November 30, 2007; Retrieved 2008-08-23
</ref><ref>[http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/regional_offices/midatlantic_regional_office/blinders_premiers_suffering_.html Film Highlights Suffering of NYC Carriage Horses], [[Humane Society of the United States]], April 24, 2008
</ref>
* '''Pedicabs''': [[Cycling in New York City#Utility cycling|Pedicabs]] operate mostly in the southern part of the park, the same part as horse carriages.
* '''Sports''': Park Drive, just over {{convert|6|mi|km}} long, is a haven for runners, joggers, bicyclists, and inline skaters. Most weekends, races take place in the park, many of which are organized by the [[New York Road Runners]]. The [[New York City Marathon]] finishes in Central Park outside [[Tavern on the Green]]. Many other professional races are run in the park, including the recent, (2008), USA Men's 8k Championships. [[Baseball field]]s are numerous, and there are also courts for [[volleyball]], [[tennis]], croquet and [[lawn bowling]].
** '''Rock Climbing''': Central Park's [[glaciated]] rock outcroppings attract climbers, especially [[bouldering|boulderers]]; Manhattan's [[bedrock]], a glaciated [[schist]], protrudes from the ground frequently and considerably in some parts of Central Park. The two most renowned spots for boulderers are [[Rat Rock]] and Cat Rock; others include Dog Rock, Duck Rock, Rock N' Roll Rock, and Beaver Rock, near the south end of the park.<ref>Christopher S. Wren, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906EEDD163EF932A15754C0A96F958260 "A Summit in Central Park; Boulder Gives Climbers a Taste of the Mountain"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 21, 1999. Retrieved 2007-10-08.</ref>
** '''Buz Pateni''': Central Park'ta iki tane buz pisti alanı bulunmaktadır. Bunlar [[Wollman Rink]] ve [[Lasker Rink]], which converts to an outdoor swimming pool in summer.
[[File:CP Carousel spring jeh.jpg|thumb|Carousel]]
* '''[[Central Park Carousel]]''': the current carousel, installed in 1951, is one of the largest merry-go-rounds in the United States. The fifty-eight hand-carved horses and two chariots were made by Solomon Stein and Harry Goldstein in 1908. The carousel originally was installed in [[Coney Island]] in Brooklyn.
* '''Oyun Alanları''': Central Park'ta çocuklar için 21 tane oyun alanı vardır the largest, at {{convert|3|acre|m2}}, is Heckscher Playground named for [[August Heckscher]].
* '''[[Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre]]''': located in the Swedish Cottage. The building was originally a model schoolhouse built in Sweden. Made of native pine and cedar, it was disassembled and rebuilt in the U.S. as Sweden's exhibit for the [[1876 Centennial Exposition]] in Philadelphia. Frederick Law Olmsted moved the cottage to its present site in 1877.
* '''[[Central Park Zoo]]''': The Central Park Zoo is one of four zoos, and one aquarium, managed by the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS), and is accredited by the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (AZA). The zoo is home to an indoor [[rainforest]], a [[leafcutter ant]] colony, a chilled penguin house, and a [[Polar Bear]] pool.
[[File:SS Venue and Crowd.JPG|thumb|[[Summerstage]] features free musical concerts throughout the summer]]
* '''Entertainment'''
** Each summer, the [[Public Theater]] presents free open-air theatre productions, often starring well-known stage and screen actors. The [[Delacorte Theater]] is the summer performing venue of the [[New York Shakespeare Festival]]. Most, although not all, of the plays presented are by [[William Shakespeare]], and the performances are generally regarded as being of high quality since its founding by [[Joseph Papp]] in 1962.
** The [[New York Philharmonic]] gives an open-air concert every summer on the Great Lawn. From 1967 the [[Metropolitan Opera]] presented two operas in concert each year; this series was discontinued in 2007. Many concerts have been given in the park including [[Barbra Streisand]], 1967; [[The Supremes]], 1970; [[Carole King]], 1973; [[Bob Marley & The Wailers]], 1975; [[America (band)|America]], 1979; [[Elton John]], 1980; the [[Concert in Central Park by Simon and Garfunkel|Simon and Garfunkel reunion]], 1981; [[Diana Ross]], 1983; [[Concert in the Park|Paul Simon]], 1991; [[Garth Brooks]], 1997; [[the Dave Matthews Band]], 2003; [[Bon Jovi]], 2008;<ref>For the Bon Jovi concert, July 12, 2008, 60,000 free tickets were distributed by the city; a large section of Central Park was closed to the non-ticketed public.
</ref> and [[Concerto: One Night in Central Park|Andrea Bocelli]], 2011. Since 1992, local [[singer-songwriter]] [[David Ippolito]] has performed almost every summer weekend to large crowds of passers-by and regulars and has become a New York icon, often simply referred to as "That guitar man from Central Park." In the summer of 1985, [[Bruce Springsteen]] planned to hold a free outdoor concert on the Great Lawn; however, the idea was scrapped when it was purported that any free show held by Springsteen would bring an estimated 1.3 million people, crippling the park and the nearby neighborhoods.
[[Image:Tavern on the Green cloudy jeh.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tavern on the Green]], now a closed restaurant, it was originally built in the era of [[Tammany Hall]] to house Central Park's sheep.]]
** Each summer, [[City Parks Foundation]] offers Central Park [[Summerstage]], a series of free performances including music, dance, spoken word, and film presentations. SummerStage celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2010. Throughout its history Summerstage has welcomed emerging artists and world renowned artists, including [[Celia Cruz]], [[David Byrne (musician)|David Byrne]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]] and the [[P-Funk]] All Stars, and Nobel Laureate and Pulitzer winner [[Toni Morrison]], [[Femi Kuti]], [[Seun Kuti]], Pulitzer winner [[Junot Diaz]], [[Vampire Weekend]], Dayton Contemporary Dance Company, Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company, and many more.
** With the revival of the city and the park in the new century, Central Park has given birth to arts groups dedicated to performing in the park, notably [[Central Park Brass]], which performs an annual concert series and the [[New York Classical Theatre]], which produces an annual series of plays.
 
[[Kategori:Central Park| ]]
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