Pasifizm: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

 

== Pacifism and religion ==

In Buddhism, leaders of pacifist movements often go to great lengths to effect change. For example, [[Daw Aung San Suu Kyi]] is a [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] pro-[[democracy]] activist and leader of the [[National League for Democracy]] in [[Myanmar]] (Burma). A devout [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], Suu Kyi won the [[Rafto Prize]] and the [[Sakharov Prize|Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought]] in 1990 and in 1991 was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a repressive [[military dictatorship]]. One of her most famous speeches is the "Freedom From Fear" speech, which begins "It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html |title=Aung San Suu Kyi — Biography |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessmonthday=4 May |accessyear=2006}}</ref>

 

Also famous for leading a pacifist movement, [[Tenzin Gyatso]] is the fourteenth and current [[Dalai Lama]], and as such, is often referred to in Western media as simply the Dalai Lama. On [[November 17]] [[1950]], at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's [[Head of State]] and most important political ruler, while Tibet faced occupation by the forces of the [[People's Republic of China]]. After the collapse of the [[Tibetan resistance movement]] in [[1959]], Tenzin Gyatso fled to [[India]], where he was active in establishing the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (the Tibetan government in exile) and preserving Tibetan [[culture]] and [[education]] among the thousands of refugees who accompanied him. A [[charisma]]tic figure and noted public speaker, Tenzin Gyatso is the first Dalai Lama to travel to the [[Western world|West]], where he has helped to spread [[Western Buddhism|Buddhism]] and to publicise the cause of [[Free Tibet]]. In [[1989]], he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize| work=Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) | url=http://www.nobelpreis.org/english/frieden/dalai-lama.html | accessmonthday=July 9 | accessyear=2005}}</ref>

 

[[Peace churches]] are Christian denominations explicitly advocating pacifism. The term '''historic peace churches''' refers specifically to three church traditions: the [[Church of the Brethren|Brethren]], [[Anabaptist]] (comprising [[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], and [[Hutterites]]), and the [[Quakers]] (Society of Friends). The historic peace churches have, from their origins as far back as the 16^th century, always taken the position that [[Jesus]] was himself a pacifist who explicitly taught and practiced pacifism, and that his followers must do likewise. Some pacifist churches vary on whether physical force can ever be justified in [[self-defense]] or protecting others, as many adhere strictly to [[nonresistance]] when confronted by violence, but all would traditionally agree that violence on behalf of a country or a government is prohibited for Christians.

 

The [[Peace Pledge Union]] was a pacifist organisation from which the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship (APF) later emerged as a pacifist movement within the Anglican Church. The APF succeeded in gaining ratification of the pacifist position at two successive [[Lambeth Conferences]], though many Anglicans would not regard themselves as pacifists. Amongst modern Anglican pacifists, [[Desmond Tutu]] is a prominent example. [[Rowan Williams]] led an almost united Anglican Church in Britain in opposition to the 2003 [[Iraq War]], mirrored by [[Peter Carnley]], who similarly led a front of bishops opposed to the [[Australian Government]]'s involvement in the invasion.

 

|last=Effendi |authorlink= Shoghi Effendi |year= 1938 |title= The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |id= ISBN 0-87743-231-7 |url= http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-52.html#gr1 | pages = pp. 191-203}}</ref> The idea of collective security from the Bahá'í teachings states that if a government violates a fundamental norm of international law or provision of a future world constitution which Bahá'ís believe will be established by all nations, then the other governments should step in.<ref>{{Dergi kaynağı| first = Danesh |last = Sarooshi | year = 1994 | title = Search for a Just Society, Review | journal = Baha'i Studies Review | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | url = http://bahai-library.com/?file=saroosh_huddleston_just_society | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref>

 

Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to [[Jainism]]. Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach enlightenment; to kill any person, no matter what crime he may have committed, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is a religion that requires monks and laity, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions, such as Gujarat, have been strongly influenced by Jains and often the majority of the local non-Jain population has also become vegetarian.<ref>Titze, Kurt, Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence, Mohtilal Banarsidass, 1998</ref>

 

Some commentators, including [[Jan Narveson]], argue that pacifism is a self-contradictory doctrine. Narveson claims that everyone has rights and corresponding responsibilities not to violate others' rights. Since pacifists give up their ability to protect themselves from violation of their right not to be harmed, then other people thus have no corresponding responsibility, thus creating a paradox of rights. As Narveson puts it, “the prevention of infractions of that right is precisely what one has a right to when one has a right at all." Narveson then discusses how rational persuasion is a good but often inadequate method of discouraging an aggressor. He considers that everyone has the right to use any means necessary to prevent deprivation of their civil liberties and force could be necessary.<ref>Narveson, January 1965. “Pacifism: A Philosophical Analysis.” ''Ethics'', LXXV: 4, pp 259-271.</ref>

 

{{cquote|What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy? - [[Mahatma Gandhi]]}}

{{cquote|In all history there is no war which was not hatched by the governments, the governments alone, independent of the interests of the people, to whom war is always pernicious even when successful. - [[Leo Tolstoy]]}}