Tarasca devleti: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
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99. satır:
14. yüzyıl başlarında kurulan devlet 1530 yılında bağımsızlığını yitirmiş ve [[İspanyol İmparatorluğu]]nun boyunduruğuna girmiştir. Devletin [[Nahuatl]] dilindeki ''Michoacán'' olan adının anlamı ''Balığı olaların yeri''dir. Taracsalıların dili olan [[Purépecha]] dilinde devletin ismi ''Iréchecua Tzintzuntzáni''dir.<ref>Anlamı ''Tzintzuntzan Krallığı'' dır</ref> Tarasca devletinin halkı çoğunlukla etnik Purépecha olsa da zamanla asimile edilen [[Nahua]], [[Otomi]], [[Matlatzinca]] ve [[Chichimec]] kabileleri de mevcuttu. Devletin yapısı ilk dönemlerde ekonomik olarak bağlı devletçikler şeklindeyken ilerleyen dönemde idare merkezileşmiş ve ''cazonci'' adı verilen sıkı kontrol mekanizması kurulmuştur. Tarasca devleti başkenti [[Pátzcuaro Gölü]] kıyılarındaki [[Tzintzuntzan]] kentidir.<ref>Szölü efsanelere göre ilk hükümdar Tariácuri tarafından kurulmuş ve sonrasında ''Uacúsecha'' (Kartallar) hanedanı hüküm sürmüştür</ref>
Tarasca devleti [[Aztekler]]le çağdaştır ve bu iki devlet arasında çok sayıda muharebe yaşanmıştır. Azteklere yenilmeyen Tarasca devleti bu devletin kuzeybatıya doğru yayılmasına engel olmuş, sınırlarını tçeşitli [[tahkimat]]larla korumayı bilmişlerdir. Bu anlamda sınırları tanımlı ilk gerçek Mezoamerika devleti sayılmaktadır. Görece yalıtık konumundan ötürü kültürel anlamda özgün bir yerde bulunan uygarlı araç gereç, süs ve silah yapımında metal kullanan
==Coğrafi konum==
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The territory that would eventually form the setting of the Tarascan state is the high volcanic region constituting the western extension of the Mexican Mesa Central, in between two large rivers: the Lerma and Balsas Rivers. Including temperate, subtropical and tropical climate zones, it is dominated by Cenozoic volcanic mountains and lake basins above 2000 meters altitude, but also includes lower land in the southwestern coastal regions. Most common soil types in the central plateau are young volcanic andosols, luvisols and less fertile acrisols. The vegetation is mainly pine, pine-oak and fir. Human occupation has focused on the lake basins, which are abundant in resources. In the north, near the Lerma river, there are obsidian resources and thermal springs. The Tarascan state was centered around the Lake Pátzcuaro basin.
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==Tarihi==
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Early archaeological evidence
The Tarascan area has been inhabited at least since the early Pre-classic period. Early lithic evidence from before 2500 B.C. like fluted points and stone utensils are found at some megafauna kill sites. The earliest radio-carbon dates of archeological sites fall around 1200 B.C. The best known early Pre-classic culture of Michoacán was the Chupícuaro culture. Most Chupícuaro sites are found on lake islands which can be seen as a sign of it having traits relating it to the later Tarascan cultural patterns. In the early Classic period, ballcourts and other artifacts demonstrate a Teotihuacan influence in the Michoacán region.
Ethnohistorical Sources
The most useful ethnohistorical source has been the Relación de Michoacán,[3] written around 1540 by the Franciscan priest Fray Jeronimo de Acalá, containing translated and transcribed narratives from Tarascan noblemen. This Relación contains parts of the "official Tarascan history" as carried down through oral tradition: one part focuses on Tarascan state religion, the second on Tarascan society, and the last on Tarascan history and the Spanish conquest. Unfortunately the first part is only partly preserved. Other sources include a number of small pictorial manuscripts, the best known being the Lienzo de Jucutacuto.[citation needed]
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==Kuruluş ve büyüme==
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In the late classic at least two non-P'urhépecha ethnic groups lived around Lake Pátzcuaro: Nahuatl speakers in Jarácuaro, and some Chichimecan cultures on the northern banks, with the Nahua population being the second largest.
According to the Relación de Michoacán a visionary leader of the P'orhépecha named Tariácuri decided to gather the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro into one strong state. Around 1300 he undertook the first conquests and installed his sons Hiripan and Tangáxoan as lords of Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan respectively, himself ruling from Pátzcuari city. By the death of Taríacuri (around 1350), his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro. His son Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo.
Hiripan and later his brother Tangáxuan I began to institutionalize the tributary system and consolidate the political unity of the empire. They created an administrative bureaucracy and divided responsibilities of and tributes from the conquered territories between lords and nobles. In the following years first the Tarascan Sierra and then the Balsas River was incorporated into the increasingly centralized state.
Under the rule of cazonci Tzitzipandáquare a number of regions were conquered, only to be lost again by rebellions or strategic retreats when confronted with Aztec expansion. In 1460 the Tarascan state reached the Pacific coast at Zacatula, advanced into the valley of Toluca, and also, on the northern rim, reached into the present day state of Guanajuato. In the 1470s Aztecs under Axayacatl captured a series of Tarascan frontier towns and closed in on the Tarascan heartland, but were eventually defeated. This experience prompted the Tarascan ruler to further fortify the Aztec frontier with military centers along the border, such as at Cutzamala. He also allowed Otomies and Matlatzincas who had been driven out of their homelands by the Aztecs to settle in the border area under the condition that they took part in the defense of the Tarascan lands. From 1480 the Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl intensified the conflict with the Tarascans. He supported attacks on Tarascan lands by other ethnic groups allied with or subjugated to the Aztecs such as Matlatzincas, Chontales, and Cuitlatecs. The Tarascans, led by the cazonci Zuangua, repelled the attacks but further Tarascan expansion was halted until the arrival of the Spaniards two years into the rule of the last cazonci of an independent Tarascan state, Tangáxuan II.
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==Çöküş==
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After hearing about the fall of the Aztec Empire, cazonci Tangáxuan II sent emissaries to the Spanish victors. A few Spaniards went with them to Tzintzuntzan where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged. They returned with samples of gold and Cortés' interest in the Tarascan state was awakened. In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of Cristobal de Olid was sent into Tarascan territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days. The Tarascan army numbered many thousands, perhaps as many as 100,000[citation needed], but at the crucial moment they chose not to fight.[6] Tangáxuan submitted to the Spanish administration, but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree of autonomy. This resulted in a strange arrangement where both Cortés and Tangáxuan considered themselves rulers of Michoacán for the following years: the population of the area paid tribute to them both. When the Spanish found out that Tangáxuan was still de facto ruler of his empire but only supplied the Spanish with a small part of the resources extracted from the population they sent the ruthless conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, who allied himself with a Tarascan noble Don Pedro Panza Cuinierángari, and the cazonci was executed.[7] A period of violence and turbulence began. During the next decades Tarascan puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government, but when Nuño de Guzman had been disgraced and recalled to Spain, Bishop Vasco de Quiroga was sent to the area to clean up. He rapidly gained the respect and friendship of the natives who ceased hostilities towards the Spanish hegemony.
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==Kaynakça==
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