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Satır 20 ⟶ 18:
[[Dosya:Haeckel Actiniae.jpg|thumbnail|200px|[[Ernest Haeckel]]'in ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' (1904) eserinde "Actiniae" olarak sınıflandırdığı günümüzde [[deniz laleleri]] olarak bilinen grubu kapsayan 49. levha]]
 
== Anatomi ==
A sea anemone is a small sac, attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. The mouth is in the middle of the oral disc, surrounded by tentacles armed with many [[cnidocyte]]s, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain cnidae, capsule-like [[organelle]]s capable of [[wikt:evert|everting]], giving phylum Cnidaria its name&nbsp;<ref>{{Kitap kaynağı|author=Campbell N. & J. Reece |year=2002 |title=Biology |edition=6th ed |publisher=San Francisco: [[Pearson Education]]}}</ref>. The cnidae that sting are called ''[[cnidocyte|nematocysts]]''. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins—[[Actinotoxin|actinoporins]]—an inner filament and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched, it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of poison in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling.
 
The poison is a mix of [[toxin]]s, including [[neurotoxin]]s, which paralyze the prey, which is then moved by the tentacles to the mouth/anus for digestion inside the [[gastrovascular cavity]]. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and [[crustacean]]s, which may be the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators. [[Clownfish]] are not affected by their host anemone's sting.<ref>[http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgfagatele/living/living_03_100.html Fagatele Bay NMS: Clownfish and Sea Anemone<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Dosya:Close-up of clone war of sea anemones.jpg|sol|thumbnail|Sea anemones, ''Anthopleura sola'' engaged in war for territory]]
The internal anatomy of anemones is simple. There is a gastrovascular cavity (which functions as a stomach) with a single opening to the outside which functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut. A primitive nervous system, without centralization, coordinates the processes involved in maintaining homeostasis as well as biochemical and physical responses to various stimuli. Anemones range in size from less than 1¼&nbsp;[[centimetre|cm]] (½&nbsp;[[inch|in]]) to nearly 2&nbsp;[[metre|m]] (6&nbsp;[[foot (length)|ft]]) in diameter.<ref>http://sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/invertebrates/seaanemone.htm</ref> They can have a range of 10 tentacles to hundreds.
 
The muscles and nerves in anemones are much simpler than those of other animals. Cells in the outer layer (epidermis) and the inner layer ([[gastrodermis]]) have microfilaments grouped together into contractile fibers. These are not true muscles because they are not freely suspended in the body cavity as they are in more developed animals. Since the anemone lacks a skeleton, the contractile cells pull against the gastrovascular cavity, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. The stability for this hydrostatic skeleton is caused by the anemone shutting its mouth, which keeps the gastrovascular cavity at a constant volume, making it more rigid.
 
== Sömürüye ==
Deniz ornamentals yer alan küresel ticaret bir genişleyen endüstrisidir. 1980'lerin başında, ithal deniz balıkları ve omurgasızlar ve tahmini değeri US $ 24-40 milyon yıllık. <ref> Ahşap, E. 1985 oldu. "Sömürüye ve akvaryum ticaret mercan kayalığı balıklar ve." Raporu Deniz Koruma Derneği için. Deniz Koruma Derneği, İngiltere. </ref> Güncel tahminlere yer olduğu ABD $ değeri 200-330 milyon <ref> Chapman, FA, Fitz-nazlı, SA; Thunberg, EM, Adams, CM 1997. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri süs balığı Amerika'daysa ticaret. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Vol. 28:1-10. </ref> sanayi ithalatı% 80 için ABD muhasebe ile. <ref> Larkin, SL; Degner, RL 2001. Deniz ornamentals için ABD toptan pazar. Akvaryum Bilimleri ve Koruma. Vol. 3:13-24. </ref> ilerlemelere rağmen ve [[su]], post-larva yakalama ve yetiştirme, deniz ornamentals büyük çoğunluğu yabani olarak yetişkin veya gençlere de toplanmaktadır. <ref name = "autogenerated1 "> Shuman, CG; Hodgson, G.; Ambrose, RF 2005. Türkiye de deniz akvaryum ticaret için deniz anemones ve anemonefish toplama "Nüfus etkileri." Mercan kayalık. Vol. 24:564-573. </ref> Anemones aşırı ve uzun ömürlü spans, yavaş büyüme hızı nedeniyle, ve çünkü onlar sadece ve yerleşmek özel ana anemones sınırlı olduğunu da etkilenir ve ikamet balık, daha düşük üreme oranlarına duyarlı olan . Bu organizmalar talep hangi yakalamak başına ödenen değeri belge balıkçılar's yakalama kayıtları, ve yansıtılması ortalama anemones yazılar [ve ortalama değeri beş kez değer [[soytarı balığı|anemonefish]], ve on kez değerli olduğunu en bol [[soytarı balığı|anemonefish değeri]], ve aslında sadece yakalamak toplam değerinin% 4.1 kadar yapılan. Araştırmalar, akvaryum balıkçılık faaliyetleri önemli [[soytarı balığı|anemonefish]] anemones ve bir nüfus etkisini göstermiştir] büyük ölçüde, <ref name="autogenerated1" /> ve olabilir de olumsuz etkileri [[hippolytidae|istismar alanlarda her birinin yoğunluğu azaltarak Anemone karides]], ve organizmalar obligately anemones ilişkili. Bu [[anemonefish]] yalnız tutsaklık gibi, birden fazla araştırma çabaları ile gösterilmiştir hayatta kalmak için dikkate alınmalıdır. <ref> Fautin, Daphne Gail. 1991. "The Anemonefish sembiyoz: Hangi bilinen ve ne değildir." Sembiyoz. Vol. 10:23-46. </ref> <ref> Shimek, R. (2004), s. 83. Deniz omurgasızlar. T.F.H. Yayınları, Inc Neptune City, NJ. </ref>
 
== Ekoloji ==
[[Dosya:Common clownfish.jpg|thumbnail|sol| [[Clownfish|Common (Ocellaris) clownfish]] (''Amphiprion ocellaris'') in their [[Heteractis magnifica|Magnificent sea anemone]] (''Heteractis magnifica'') home]][[Dosya:Colonial anemone.jpg|thumbnail|sağ|Colonial anemones attached to black coral from [[East Timor]].]]
[[Dosya:Anthopleura sola is consuming Velella velella.jpg|sağ|thumbnail| ''Anthopleura sola '' is in process of consuming a By the wind sailor ''Velella velella'' [[jellyfish]]]]
[[Dosya:Nudibranch attacking sea anemone 1.jpg|thumbnail|sol|A nudibranch, species ''[[Aeolidia papillosa]]'' starts to eat a sea anemone]]
 
Anemonlar, kum içerisinde bulunan kayalara ve sert cisimlere kendilerini bir ayak yardımı ile tuttururlar. Bir kısmı sert cisimleri delerek kendilerini tuttururlar. Bazı türleri kendilerini sabitlemişken diğerleri serbest halde yüzerler. Although not [[plant]]s and therefore incapable of [[photosynthesis]] themselves, many sea anemones form an important facultative symbiotic relationship with certain [[cell (biology)|single-celled]] green [[algae]] species which reside in the animals' gastrodermal cells. These algae may be either [[zooxanthella]]e, [[zoochlorella]]e, or both. The sea anemone benefits from the products of the algae's photosynthesis, namely [[oxygen]] and food in the form of [[glycerol]], [[glucose]], and [[alanine]]; the algae in turn are assured a reliable exposure to sunlight and protection from micro-feeders, which the anemones actively maintain. The algae also benefit by being protected due to the presence of stinging cells called nematocysts, reducing the likelihood of being eaten by herbivores. Most species inhabit tropical reefs, although there are species adapted to relatively cold waters, intertidal reefs, and sand/kelp environments.
 
== Yaşam Döngüsü ==
[[Dosya:Brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera 1.jpg|thumbnail|Asexual reproduction of sea anemone via [[budding]]]]
[[Dosya:Sea anemone clones.jpg|thumbnail|sol|Hundreds of anemones at low tide. They all are clones]]
[[Dosya:Sea anemone in tidepools.jpg|thumbnail|Dalga havuzlarındaki deniz laleleri.]]
 
Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other [[anthozoa]]ns) entirely lack the free-swimming [[Medusa (biology)|medusa]] stage of the life cycle: the [[polyp]] produces eggs and sperm, and the fertilized egg develops into a [[planula]] that develops directly into another polyp.
 
A few anemones are parasitic to marine organisms. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator is attacking them. In the case of an attack, anemones can release themselves from the substrate and swim away to a new location using flexing motions.
 
The sexes in sea anemones are separate for some species while some are [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]]. Both [[sexual reproduction|sexual]] and [[asexual reproduction]] may occur. In sexual reproduction males release sperm which stimulates females to release eggs, and fertilization occurs. The eggs or sperm are ejected through the mouth. The fertilized egg develops into a [[planula]], which finally settles down and grows into a single polyp. They can also reproduce asexually by [[budding]], [[binary fission]] (which involves pulling apart into two halves), and [[fragmentation (reproduction)|pedal laceration]], in which small pieces of the pedal disc break off and regenerate into small anemones.
 
[[Dosya:Anemone Crab.JPG|thumbnail|sağ|A [[porcelain crab]] living with an anemone, probably ''Entamacea quadricolor'']]
 
== Fosil Kaydeder ==
Most Actiniaria do not form hard parts that can be recognized as fossils but a few fossils do exist; ''Mackenzia'', from the [[Middle Cambrian]] [[Burgess Shale]] of Canada, is the oldest fossil identified as a sea anemone.
 
== Stomphia ==
''Stomphia'' is a genus of sea anemone which is called the "swimming anemone". It is very different from the rest because, though it anchors, it is able to swim away when it senses danger. On the bottom of the body is a suction cup-like part that is pushed in when the ''Stomphia'' anchors. It is then pushed out when the ''Stomphia'' needs to release itself. These anemones are able to react quickly to touch and immediately spring into action. They bounce away from the rock and away from the predator, and then swim by swinging their bodies back and forth. When the anemone is at a safe distance, it finds another rock and anchors onto it.
 
== Resimler ==
<gallery>
Image:Actinia equina 0009.JPG|''[[Beadlet anemone|Actinia equina]]''
Image:Ocean_reef.jpg|Deniz Laleleri
Image:Deepsea anemone.jpg|Deep–sea anemone
Image:Anemone.bristol.750pix.jpg|Sea anemones in a "[[reef aquarium|mini-reef]]"[[denize ait akvaryum]]
Image:Anemonefishfiji.jpg|Clown fish
Image:Sea anemone and sea urchin.jpg
</gallery>
 
== Referanslar ==
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