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{{Infobox Bone |
Name = Talus bone |
Latin = Os trigonum, Astralagus |
GraySubject = 63 |
GrayPage = 266 |
Image = Subtalar Joint.PNG |
Caption = Subtalar Joint, viewed from an angle between lateral and frontal. |
Image2 = |
Caption2 = |
Origins = |
Insertions = |
Articulations = |
MeshName = Talus |
MeshNumber = A02.835.232.043.300.710.780 |
}}
The '''talus bone''' (Latin for ankle<ref>Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 1526</ref>) or '''astragalus''' is a bone in the collection of bones in the foot called the [[tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]]. The tarsus forms the lower part of the [[ankle joint]] through its articulations with the [[Lateral malleolus|lateral]] and [[Medial malleolus|medial malleoli]] of the two bones of the [[lower leg]], the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]]. Within the tarsus, it articulates with the [[calcaneus]] below and [[navicular]] in front. Through these articulations, it transmits the entire weight of the body to the foot.<ref name="Platzer-216">Platzer (2004), p 216</ref>
The second largest of the [[tarsal bones]], it is also one of the bones in the human body with the highest percentage of its surface area covered by articular [[cartilage]]. Additionally, it is also unusual in that it has a [[retrograde]] blood supply, i.e. arterial blood enters the bone at the [[distal]] end.{{fact|date=January 2008}}
== Structure ==
{{double image|left|Gray270.png|135|Gray271.png|117|Left talus, from above and below, with anterior side of the bone at top of image.}}
[[Image:Os trigonum 1.jpg|thumb|Os trigonum on x-ray.]]
Though irregular in shape, the talus can be subdivided into three parts.
Facing anteriorly, the '''[[Head of talus|head]]''' carries the articulate surface of the navicular bone, and the '''[[Neck of talus|neck]]''', the roughened area between the body and the head, has small vascular channels.<ref name="Platzer-216" />
The '''[[Body of talus|body]]''' features several prominent articulate surfaces: On its superior side is the trochlea tali flanked by the articulate facets for the two malleoli.<ref name="Platzer-216" /> The ankle mortise, the fork-like structure of the malleoli, holds these three articulate surfaces in a steady grip, which guarantees the stability of the ankle joint. However, because the trochlea is wider in front than at the back (approximately 5-6 mm) the stability in the joint vary with the position of the foot: with the foot dorsiflexed (toes pulled upward) the ligaments of the joint are kept stretched, which guarantees the stability of the joint; but with the foot plantarflexed (as when standing on the toes) the narrower width of the trochlea causes the stability to decrease.<ref>''Thieme Atlas of Anatomy'' (2006), p 406</ref> Behind the trochlea is a posterior process with a medial and a lateral tubercle separated by a groove for the tendon of the [[Flexor hallucis longus muscle|flexor hallucis longus]]. Exceptionally, the lateral of these tubercles forms an independent bone called ''os trigonum'' or "accessory talus". On the bone's inferior side, three articular surfaces serve for the articulation with the calcaneus, and several variously developed articular surfaces exist for the articulation with ligaments.<ref name="Platzer-216" />
During the 7-8th [[Uterus|intrauterine]] month an ossification center is formed in the talus.<ref name="Platzer-216" />
The Talus bone lacks a good blood supply. Because of this, healing a broken talus can take longer than most other bones. The bone does not get an ample supply of oxygen through the blood due to the low supply, which prolongs the healing process. One with a broken talus may not be able to walk for many months without crutches and will further wear a walking cast or boot of some kind after that.
==Evolution==
The talus is apparently derived from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the ''tibiale'', articulating with tibia, the ''intermedium'', between the bases of the tibia and [[fibula]], and the ''fourth centrale'', lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus. The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in [[artiodactyl]]s, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed.<ref name=VB>{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|page= 207|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref>
==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Talus - superior view.jpg|Talus - superior view
File:Talus - inferior view.jpg|Talus - inferior view
Image:Ankle.PNG|Lateral view of the human ankle, including the talus
Image:Gray268.png|Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface.
Image:Gray269.png|Bones of the right foot. Plantar surface.
Image:Gray272.png|Left talus, medial surface.
Image:Gray273.png|Left talus, lateral surface.
Image:Gray290.png|Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect.
Image:Gray291.png|Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect.
Image:Gray356.png|Capsule of left talocrura articulation (distended). Lateral aspect.
Image:Gray357.png|Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.
Image:Gray360.png|Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
Image:Ospied-de.svg|Bones of foot
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[[Squatting facets]]
*[[Knucklebones]], a dice game using astragali
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
* {{cite book
| first = Werner | last = Platzer
| title = Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
| publisher = [[Thieme Medical Publishers|Thieme]] | isbn = 3-13-533305-1<!---US: 1-58890-159-9--->
| year = 2004 | edition = 5th
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
| publisher = Thieme | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-58890-419-9
}}
==External links==
* [http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/images/cons1_171_354.jpg Illustration at orthoinfo.aaos.org]
* [http://footandankle.mdmercy.com/conditions/trauma/fractures_talus.html Fractures of the Talus at mdmercy.com]
* {{NormanAnatomy|lljoints}} ({{NormanAnatomyFig|posterioranklejoint}})
{{Bones of lower extremity}}
[[Category:Skeletal system]]
[[Category:Bones of the lower limb]]
[[br:Askorn fer]]
[[bg:Скочна кост]]
[[ca:Astràgal]]
[[de:Sprungbein]]
[[dv:ތަނބި ކަށިގަނޑު]]
[[es:Astrágalo (hueso)]]
[[eu:Tortolos]]
[[fr:Os astragale]]
[[gl:Astrágalo]]
[[ko:목말뼈]]
[[hr:Gležanjska kost]]
[[it:Astragalo (anatomia)]]
[[la:Astragalus (os)]]
[[lt:Šokikaulis]]
[[nl:Sprongbeen]]
[[ja:距骨]]
[[no:Talus (anatomi)]]
[[pl:Kość skokowa]]
[[pt:Tálus]]
[[ru:Таранная кость]]
[[simple:Talus]]
[[sh:Gležanjska kost]]
[[fi:Telaluu]]
[[sv:Språngben]]
[[tl:Butong talus]]
[[uk:Надп'яткова кістка]]
[[zh:距骨]]
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