Dosya:Pterosaur respiratory system.jpg

Tam çözünürlük((3.006 × 4.057 piksel, dosya boyutu: 2,52 MB, MIME tipi: image/jpeg))


Açıklama

Models of ventilatory kinematics and the pulmonary air sac system of pterosaurs.

a, Model of ventilatory kinematics in Rhamphorhynchus. Thoracic movement induced by the ventral intercostal musculature results in forward and outward displacement of the distal vertebral and proximal sternal ribs, and ventral displacement of the sternum, upon inspiration (blue arrows and pink outline). In addition, ventral expansion of the abdomen is induced through caudoventral rotation of the prepubis. Ranges of skeletal movement were modelled after those observed in vivo in the avian thorax and the crocodylian pelvis [26], [27]. Rhamphorhynchus modified from Wellnhofer [48]. b, Model of ventilatory kinematics in Pteranodon wherein the fused anterior vertebral ribs and articulation of the scapulocoracoid with the supraneural plate and anterior sternum limit movement of the anterior sternum, which cannot undergo elliptical rotation. However, the posterior vertebral ribs, sternal ribs, sternum, and prepubis are still capable of anterodorsal-posteroventral excursions facilitating volumetric increases and decreases of the thorax during inspiration-expiration. Pteranodon modified from Bennett [29]. c, d, reconstruction of pulmonary air sac system in the Lower Cretaceous ornithocheirid Anhanguera santanae (AMNH 22555). c, Lateral view showing the inferred position of the lungs (orange), cervical (green) and abdominal air sacs (blue), as predicted on the basis of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity. Thoracic air sacs (shown in grey) are also likely to have been present, but generally do not leave a distinct osteological trace. Humerus and more distal forelimb not shown. d, Dorsal view illustrating the inferred position of subcutaneous diverticular networks (light blue) distally along the wing. The right side depicts a conservative estimate for the size of the airsac network, limiting it to the pre-axial margin of the wing based solely on the presence of pneumatic foramina in closely positioned wing bones. The left side depicts the likely maximal size of an inferred diverticular network, accounting for its inclusion between the dorsal and ventral layers of the wing membrane. Scale = 10 cm. Skeletal reconstruction in c, d modified from Wellnhofer [49]. Abbreviations: as in figure 2, and: Cor: coracoid portion of scapulocoracoid, Ga: gastralia.
Tarih
Kaynak http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004497;jsessionid=A57F0FDB595AC49992E2B5A390FA104C
Yazar Leon P. A. M. Claessens, Patrick M. O'Connor, David M. Unwin
w:tr:Creative Commons
atıf
Bu dosya, Creative Commons Atıf 2.5 Genel lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır
Şu seçeneklerde özgürsünüz:
  • paylaşım – eser paylaşımı, dağıtımı ve iletimi
  • içeriği değiştirip uyarlama – eser adaptasyonu
Aşağıdaki koşullar geçerli olacaktır:
  • atıf – Esere yazar veya lisans sahibi tarafından belirtilen (ancak sizi ya da eseri kullanımınızı desteklediklerini ileri sürmeyecek bir) şekilde atıfta bulunmalısınız.
PLOS
PLOS
This file was published in a Public Library of Science journal. Their website states that the content of all PLOS journals is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (or its previous version depending on the publication date), unless indicated otherwise.

Altyazılar

Bu dosyanın temsil ettiği şeyin tek satırlık açıklamasını ekleyin.

Bu dosyada gösterilen öğeler

betimlenen

Dosya geçmişi

Dosyanın herhangi bir zamandaki hâli için ilgili tarih/saat kısmına tıklayın.

Tarih/SaatKüçük resimBoyutlarKullanıcıYorum
güncel21.17, 2 Mart 200921.17, 2 Mart 2009 tarihindeki sürümün küçültülmüş hâli3.006 × 4.057 (2,52 MB)FunkMonk{{Information |Description=Models of ventilatory kinematics and the pulmonary air sac system of pterosaurs. a, Model of ventilatory kinematics in Rhamphorhynchus. Thoracic movement induced by the ventral intercostal musculature results in forward and out

Bu görüntü dosyasına bağlantısı olan sayfalar:

Küresel dosya kullanımı

Aşağıdaki diğer vikiler bu dosyayı kullanır:

Meta veri